Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Cristiano Macaluso (aka Panther) E' garantito il permesso di copiare, distribuire e/o modificare questo documento seguendo i termini della Licenza per Documentazione Libera GNU, Versione 1.2 o ogni versione successiva pubblicata dalla Free Software Foundation. Una copia della licenza ?acclusa in fondo al documento nella sezione intitolata "GNU Free Documentation License".
GNU
MANUALINUX 6.8
|
This (Manual) is free and is
realized also with collaboration of others passionated (THANKS
!!!). |
|
NEWS OF THE VERSION 6.8
|
|
MENU' |
a)COMMANDS
b)UTILITY
c)PROGRAMS
d)KERNEL
e)NETWORKING
f)OTHER
GNU
Free Documentation License
DO
YOU WANT ADD / MODIFY OTHER ARGUMENTS ??? WRITE
ME !!!
COMMANDS
1a)COMMON
COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX
2a)DIFFERENT
COMMANDS
3a)OCCUPATION
DISK
4a)PROCESSES
5a)RAM
6a)MANIPULATE
THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS
7a)MANIPULATE
ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD
8a)CHANGE
THE PROPERTY OF A FILE
9a)CREATE
AND ADD GROUPS AND USERS
10a)FORMAT
A FLOPPY
11a)HOW
CONTROL THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS
12a)INSTALLED
HARDWARE
UTILITY
1b)GRAPHIC
ENVIRONMENT
2b)FILE SEARCH
3b)ARCHIVE
AND COMPRESS FILES
4b)MOUNT
A FLOPPY
5b)MOUNT A CDROM
6b)MOUNT
A WINDOWS PARTITION
7b)MOUNT
A LINUX PARTITION
8b)DUPLICATE A
FLOPPY
9b)INSTALL
PROGRAMS
10b)SCANDISK ON
LINUX
11b)FILES MANAGER
12b)PASSWORD
ON LILO
13b)OPEN
MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME CONTEMPORANEOUSLY
14b)PRINT
15b)RESCUE
FLOPPY
16b)DELETE
BOOTMANAGER ON MBR
17b)DISABLE
OR ABLE THE CLASSIC SOUND BIP
18b)DISABLE
CTRL-ALT-CANC FROM CONSOLE OR REMOTE
19b)START
THE GRAPHIC WITHOUT INSERT LOGIN AND PASSWORD
20b)ENABLE
THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or XFree
21b)COPY
PARTITIONS FROM HARD-DISK A TO HARD-DISK B
22b)START
KDE OR GNOME INSIDE XTERM USING XNEST
23b)SETTING
SINGLE KEYS OF KEYBOARD
24b)CREATE
OR RECREATE DEVICES IN /DEV
25b)TURNOFF
THE PC AUTOMATICALLY
26b)ITALIAN
KEYBOARD UNDER SLACKWARE
27b)GRUB
ON HARD-DISK IDE AND SCSI
28b)GRUB
ON FLOPPY OF BOOT OR USB STICK
29b)USE
.OGG VORBIS
30b)FIRST
STEPS WITH SLACKWARE
31b)UPDATED
FEDORA IN EASY WAY
32b)UTILITY
FIREFOX AND THUNDERBIRD
33b)USING
TV WITH A ATI RADEON 7200
34b)CONFIGURE
GNOME
35b)ICONS
ON DESKTOP WITH WINDOWMAKER
36b)AUTOMATE
ONE OR MORE PROCEDURES WITH CRONTAB
37b)MOUNT
PARTITION NTFS IN READ/WRITE
38b)INSTALL
SLAX ON HARD-DISK AND ON USB STICK
39b)DAMN
SMALL LINUX ON USB STICK
40b)PARTITIONING'S
CONCEPT OF HARD-DISK WITH REFEREMENT TO GNU LINUX
41b)IMPROVE
FONTS OF GNOME ON UBUNTU
42b)ADD
OR CONFIGURE A PRINTER
43b)CONFIGURE
SOUNDCARD
PROGRAMS
1c)VI
AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES
2c)FAX
WITH EFAX
3c)CREATE AND
BURN CD AND DVD
4c)FAX WITH
HYLAFAX
5c)MANAGE
PACKETS ON DISTRIBUTIONS
6c)MANAGE
LINUX WITH WEBMIN
7c)BURN
MP3-->WAV-->MP3-->FILE AUDIO
8c)HOW
USE THE BOARDS NVIDIA FOR 3D
9c)HOW
INSTALL MULINUX
10c)CLUSTER
LINUX WITH OPENMOSIX
11c)MINI
WEBSERVER: BOA (ONLY 118K)
12c)INSTALL
AND CONFIGURE ACROBAT INSIDE FIREFOX
13c)FIRST
STEPS WITH DATABASE POSTGRESQL
14c)WATCH
TV ON LINUX
15c)GUARDDOG
HOW INSTALL IT, CONFIGURE IT AND USE IT
16c)CREATE
A PROXY SERVER WITH SQUID
17c)PARTED
DELETE CREATE AND REORGANIZE PARTITIONS
18c)INSTALL
WINE
19c)DRUPAL
20c)INSTALL
AND CONFIGURE PHPBB
21c)INSTALL
AND USE XTRACEROUTE
22c)READ
NEWSGROUP WITH SLRN AND SLRNPULL
23c)VIDEO
EFFECTS WITH WEBCAM
24c)FIRST
STEPS WITH DATABASE MYSQL
25c)INSTALL
AND CONFIGURE PHP-NUKE
26c)MANAGE
THE CELLPHONE NOKIA WITH GNOKII ON LINUX
27c)MTOOLS
28c)DATABASE
WITH OPENOFFICE
29c)MPLAYER
AND MENCODER RIP DVD
30c)FROM
DIVX TO DVD
31c)ENABLE
JAVA ON FIREFOX OR MOZILLA
32c)EMAILS
WITH PINE
33c)SWARET
INSTALL UPGRADE UNINSTALL PACKETS ON
SLACKWARE
34c)GPG
35c)SQLITE
36c)P2P
with aMule
37c)GTKAM AND
DIGITAL CAMERA
38c)CONNECT
LINUX WITH BLUETOOTH AND CELLPHONE
39c)EMAIL
WITH MUTT FETCHMAIL AND POSTFIX
40c)NETGEAR
MA111 USB STICK WIRELESS ADAPTER ON SLACKWARE
41c)VIDEO
SURVEILLANCE WITH MOTION AND LINUX
42c)ANTIVIRUS
GNU
43c)INSTALL
INTERNET EXPLORER ON UBUNTU
44c)WORDPRESS
FOR DUMMIES
KERNEL
1d)APPLY
A PATCH ON KERNEL
2d)COMPILE
THE KERNEL IN DEBIAN
3d)RECOMPILE
THE KERNEL TO BURN WITH IDE DISKS
4d)HOW
RECOMPILE THE KERNEL
5d)HOW
RECOMPILE KERNEL 2.6
NET
1e)MOUNT
A MINI-LAN BETWEEN 2 COMPUTERS ONLY WITH TEXT COMMANDS AND
NOT
2e)CONNECTING
ON INTERNET BY SCRIPT WITHOUT KPPP (two procedures)
3e)CONNECT
TO INTERNET WITH WVDIAL
4e)CONNECT
TO INTERNET WITH KPPP
5e)INTERNET
6e)TELNET
AND FTP
7e)SHARE
INTERNET CONNECTION (LINUX-LINUX-CLIENT)
8e)SHARE
CONNECTION TO INTERNET (EASY WAY)
9e)CONNECT
2 COMPUTERS BY PARALLEL WIRE ON LPT1 (PLIP)
10e)START
A X SESSION FROM REMOTE (from linux to linux)
11e)LAUNCH
PROGRAMS FROM TELNET TO GRAPHIC SIDE
12e)LAUNCH
APPLICATIONS FROM TELNET TO A GRAPHIC X &
13e)LAUNCH
APPLICATIONS ON CLIENT BUT THAT WORKS ON SERVER
14e)IPCHAINS
AND FIREWALL
15e)ADSL
WITH MODEM ETHERNET ON LINUX
16e)MAPPING
OF ACCESS POINTS
17e)LINUX
DEBIAN FIRST STEPS WITH THE NET
18e)SHARE
PRINTER ON LINUX SUCH AS PRINTSERVER SAMBA CUPS
19e)NFS
SHARING TO EXCHANGE FILES IN A LAN WITH LINUX COMPUTERS
20e)DISCOVER
THE INTRUDERS
21e)SAFETY
FROM ROOTKITS BACKDOORS AND LOCAL EXPLOITS
22e)WIRELESS
CARD ON A LAPTOP WITH ARCHLINUX
23e)MAIL
SERVER WITH POSTFIX AND TPOP3D ON ARCHLINUX
24e)WEBSITE
WIKI WITH PMWIKI
25e)IPTABLES
26e)SURF
ON INTERNET WITH GPRS ON LINUX
27e)CONFIGURE
SSH
OTHER
1f)HOW
INSTALL LINUX ON COMPUTER WITH PROCESSOR 386 WITH 2 MEGA OF
RAM??
2f)HOW
CREATE OWN MINIDISTRO ON 2 FLOPPY-DISK
3f)INSTALL
UNIX MINIX 2.0.3
4f)PROGRAMS
GPL LINUX <--> WINDOWS
+++++++++++++++++++++++COMMANDS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1a)COMMON
COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX
This is valid for all
commands:
1 - The given commands can be rewritten on the
command-line and easily pushing the directions keys.
2 - Through
the "history" command it's possible to see the given
commands, if after it's inserted the number, it shows the last
n. commands given.
(es. history 14 ;shows last 14 commands)
3 - Often giving the commands, text files are created. To
exiting from them, you need to press "q" or, in case you
want to stop the process because the execution of the command creates
nonsensical characters or doesn't accepted other input from keyboard,
you need to press "Ctrl+c".
4 - Often, commands given,
provide a series of dates that pass the visualization of screen,
showing only a side of them. In order to obviate this phenomenon, you
can use an option "| more" or "| less" adding at
the end of the command (ls -la | more) or after the name of
file:
(cat filename | more)
5 -moreover,
after having used some procedures, you need to know that pushing the
key "Enter", continue the visualization for row and pushing
key "Space" continue for page.
THROUGH
DIRECTORY
cd = cd (alone) return into homedir (~ o $HOME)
cd
.. = move to the previous directory (which depends)
cd / = return
to the root directory from any point we are
ls = shows the
contained of a directory horizontally
ls
| more = shows the contained x page and vertically
(through
enter continues ahead with a single line x
time)
(through space continues x page)
ls -l = the options -l
shows many details.
ls -la = the option -a shows the directory
preceded from a dot ( this is the command advised)
cp -av = copy
full directories
es. starting (/usr) destination
(/mnt/where_you_want)
cp -r = to copy directory
mkdir = to
create a directory
rmdir = to remove a directory
rm -r =
to delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside
rm -r -f = to
delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside without ask
confirm
pwd = to know in which directory you are
tree namedir =
shows the directories depended from which indicated
reset
= if xterm doesn't respond to the given commands, the reset command
ublock it.
THROUGH FILE
cp
= to copy file
rm = to delete file
mv = to
move/rename file
mv name newname = it renames the file (es.
mv cri.txt cro.txt)
mv filename /dirname = move file into
indicated directory
(es. mv cri.txt /usr)
cat filename = shows
inside of a file
touch filename = to create an empty file
immediately
wc = to show the statistics on a text file
split =
to divide a file in more sides
diff = to find the difference of
text inside 2 files (ex. diff 1.txt 2.txt)
UPDATE
HOUR AND DATE
hwclock --set --date='12/30/2007 18:55:01'
date
-s '12/30/2007 18:55:01'
OBTAIN
A LIST OF USERS AND GROUPS
for i in `cat /etc/passwd | cut -d:
-f1` ; do id $i ; done
Block a linux user
type: passwd -l user_name
Unlock a linux
user type: passwd -u user_name
FOR THE SYSTEM
lsmod
= shows modules charged on kernel
shutdown -r
now = to reboot the system
reboot = like over
shutdown -h now
= to close the system
halt = like over
halt -p = shut and
turnoff the system
exit = to close the console
startx = start
the execution of graphic server
ctrl+alt+backspace = restart in
graphic mode, to bringing back to starting login
ctrl+alt+F1 = opens a console not emulated
ctrl+alt+F7 = easily passes on the screen 0 if there is a server
X activated. Doesn't close the console from which
arrives.
HELP AND INFORMATIONS
- commands
command
name --help = shows the syntax of the
command (a generic help)
man command name = shows an explanation
in details
(enter ; advancing for line - space : for page - q ;
exiting and returning to the command row)
info command name =
idem
- installed file
makewhatis = create a database with
the informations that concern the installed files (without showing
anything), later with a command " apropos filetype " is
given back a list of what that concern the type of file (es. apropos
edit).
- rpm packets
rpm -qa |more = shows the list of
packets rpm installed
- X server
*To know which Xserver
you are using, go to /etc/X11 and give the command ls -al, look at
where the liks point to --> last file shows the used X server
*
-kernel
uname -a = to know the kernel version
-
system and kernel
du -h = quantity of space used into directory
and sub_directory in kb and mb in kb e mb.
top = shows the
processes in use from cpu (to stop Ctrl+c)
ps aux = shows programs
and demons running with their pid
pidof program name/demon (for
ex. pidof kdm)
df = shows partitions mounted
free (-t; x the
totals -m; x megabytes)
If linux doesn't see all the ram that you
have (for ex. 128M), then ad this row into file /etc/lilo.conf
between (default and keytable)
append = "mem=128M"
Save the file and digit lilo, reboot the system and just returned in
linux digit "free".
uname = shows the informations
about system
uname -m = type of pc
uname -n = name of pc inside
the net
uname -r = release of operating system (kernel
version)
uname -v = version of operating system
uname -a =
general summary of the options over written
FLOPPY AND
CDROOM
mount -t filesystemtype /dev/fd0 directory = mounts
formatted floppy on type x into a directory (vfat for windows; msdos
for msdos-dos; hfs for mac)
eject /dev/device = eject the
cdrom or the burner (ex. ejecets (ex. eject /dev/hdc or
eject /dev/scd1)
OTHER COMMANDS TO
SHOW FILES AND CLARIFICATIONS
Beyond the command "cat"
there are other commands, often more useful, to show inside a file.
more filename = for files of big dimensions
or
less
filename
Ex.
Digit:
more /dev/hda = will be showed
the map of partitions
less /dev/hda = will be showed to add the
option -f
less -f /dev/hda = this is the case where anything can
be understood (press "q")
cat /dev/hda = this is the
case where you need to stop the process (Ctrl+c)
THE
JOLLY CHARACTER "*"
* = means
all
if introduced near a word, it makes reference at
word and which have added characters
ex. pippo* = pippo
pippo1 pippociao pippopluto pippo..............
You
need to have attention when you use it to delete a file or directory,
because a wrong command like:
"rm pippo * "; delete file
pippo and also all files inside that directory. Better to control
with:
ls -a pippo* before to delete something; in this way, it
will be possible to control what will be deleted.
THE
COMMAND CAT
(clarifications)
Can be used to create
text file :
cat > filename
digit the text
ctrl+d =
to close the file
cat filename = to look inside the file
Can be used to assemble again files divided or unit different
files:
ex.
cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > ris.txt
IL COMMAND CP
(clarifications)
Can be used also
to transfer an existing file in a file that is created in that moment
cp existingfile filecreatednow
The
same thing become for the directory
cp -r
existingdir dircreatednow
THE LINKS
ln
name linkname = to create physicist links
ln -s name
linkname = to create symbolic links
2a)DIFFERENT
COMMANDS
pushd (Says in what directory you were first)
popd
(Return into directory where you were first)
cd - (like up)
3a)OCCUPATION
DISK
du -h (to show the quantity in kbyte and mbyte)
4a)PROCESSES
&
(to put at the end of the command) to execute a command in background
and it will give this result:
[3] 32566 Where 3 is the
number of the process while 32566 is the ID of the process.
&&
(to insert it between 2 commands, the second command will start only
when the first one will be finished, for
example dir && top).
bg
(starts the command in background, the syntax is: bg
number_id_command).
fg (starts the process with high
priority, the syntax is: fg number_id_command).
nohup
(executes a command also if it has gone out from the session or it
has been lost the connection, the syntax is: nohup dir &),
at the end it will create a file called nohup.out with inside the
result of the command.
ps -ax = to see the processes in
memory.
kill = to kill a process (with kill -l you see the signals
to kill.
kill -9 (nﾰprocess)
= to force the died of the process.
killall = kill all
processes)
5a)RAM
To
see the ram, write:
free
To get informations about used
ram, write
top
Control the side high at left on the
screen.
6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS
If I'm
the owner of a file or directory, then, I can decide its features, I
mean, the rights access. The command to do it is chmod (change
modes). Its syntax is:
chmod who action what filename
where:
parameter who can be u (user) g (groups) o (others) a
(all)
parameter action can be + (add) - (remove)
parameter what
can be r (read) w (write) x (execute)
the field namefile ?file or
directory object of changing.
(*) all show at the same time 3
kinds of user.
We can see now some practice examples. We guess to
want add access, read and written to all directories.
drwx------
verdi users 512 pippo
The easy way is:
chmod a+rwx
pippo
that is at words "add (+) to all (a) read (r) write (w)
and access (x) at file pippo " (instead is a directory because
there is d).
The result is:
drwxrwxrwx verdi users 512 pippo
Other example. We guess that we want file
-r--------
verdi users 4096 paperino
readable from all and writable only from
owner :
chmod a+r paperino
chmod u+w paperino
And
the result is:
-rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096 paperino
Other
example. We guess to have file
-rw-rw-rw- rossi superuser
1234 pluto
If we execute:
chmod o-rw pluto
instead to
obtain:
-rw-rw---- rossi superuser 1234 pluto
we have
the message:
Permission denied
This because I (verdi) am
searching to modify the attributes of a file that is not mine (it is
of rossi).
7a)MANIPULATE
ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD
A method more fast to assign
the attributes to a file is based on this thought. We suppose to
attribute numerics values to possible permissions:
Read = 4 (r)
Write = 2 (w)
Execution = 1 (x)
(Remember that for a
directory, x means access). In this way, executing easy sums:
0 =
No permission -
1 = Execution x
2 = Write w
3 = Execution
+ Write wx
4 = Read r
5 = Execution + Read rx
6 = Write +
Read rw
7 = Execution + Write + Read rwx
If we put near 3
codes to access user / groups / others
we
obtain the numbers of 3 numbers, everyone of them indicate the
permissions of every type of users in synthetic way.
For
example:
rwxrwxrwx 777
rw-rw-rw- 666
r--r--r-- 444
rwx------ 700
rw-r--r-- 644
and go ahead....
Therefore it's possible to include only in one way all accesses of
every single type of user.
Exist then the alternative syntax of
chmod
chmod codice filename
Example. The second example
on first syntax of chmod wanted to transform:
-r-------- verdi
users 4096 paperino
in file:
-rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096
paperino
and needed of 2 consecutive chmod, the first to
assign a+r and the second to assign u+w. With alternative syntax of
chmod is possible to do this in only one way, using:
chmod
a+r,u+w paperino -#-#-#-(attention at comma)-#-#-#-
or in a
easy way:
chmod 644 paperino
8a)CHANGE
THE PROPERTY OF A FILE
If I am owner of a file and I would "gift"
it to someone, that is someone will become new owner, exist the
command chown (change owner).
His syntax is:
chown
newowner.newgroup file
We see some examples. Guess that rossi,
after have deposited in my directory the file:
-rw-rw-rw-
rossi superuser 1234 pluto
want that this file become of my
propriety. It will have to execute:
chown verdi.users pluto
The result will be:
-rw-rw-rw- verdi users 1234 pluto
9a)CREATE AND ADD
GROUPS AND USERS
Make all like root user.
For ex. create a
group called supporto:
groupadd supporto
For ex. create an
user and insert him in a supporto group
useradd user -c (comment)
-d (home directory) -g (group)
useradd cristian -c ordinato -d
/reparto -g supporto
Now we need to insert a
password:
passwd cristian
It is possible also to
use:
adduser (complete of all, also of password).
Will be
suggested the default parameters, are possibles of modifies.
Modify
the group to which user belongs:
usermod -gname_group
cristian
Insert the user in other groups:
usermode -Ggroup1
group2 group3 cristian
To delete user and group
write:
groupdel supporto
userdel cristian
(using userdel -r will be deleted all files and the
directory of the user)
10a)FORMAT
A FLOPPY
How to format:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 this
format drive A: to 1440 kb
fdformat /dev/fd1h1200 this
format drive B: to 1.2 Mb
fdformat /dev/fd0H720 this
format drive A: to 720 kb
To search damaged blocks:
badblocks /dev/fd0H1440
How format a floppy from msdos
or windows:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t msdos
/dev/fd0
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t vfat /dev/fd0
11a)HOW CONTROL
THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS
Thanks to Riccardo Pelizzi
(r.pelizzi@virgilio.it)
Control the efficiency of own ide
disks.
note: these options can damage your ide disks.
If you
the device ide (that can be a hard-disk, a cd-rom or a dvd) and your
mother board are almost new, your disk supports the transfer mode to
32-bit, the mode ultra-DMA and irq unmasking.
The kernel is very
conservative under this point of view (because activing these options
on boards or on devices that don't support them, you risk to break
them, and if your distro has not configured well your disk, then we
will do it with the command hdparm.
-Understand at what device
correspond each disk. Using the command:
hdparm -i /dev/hdX
where
X is for device that you'll have to control. Usually are a, b, c,
d.
One of first voices of output will be the model of your device,
so you will can understandw what IDE device
are you
interrogating.
-We control that the support of our chipset is
active. It won't possible to interact with disks without having the
support of own chipset integrated on kernel or charged as
module.
For example having a chipset Via and having compiled the
driver like module, first of other operation, you need to write
"modprobe via82cxxx".
-Control that
the state of our disks. The command:
hdparm /dev/hdX
will give
an output similar at this:
multcount = 16 (on)
IO_support = 1
(32-bit)
unmaskirq = 1 (on)
using_dma = 1 (on)
keepsettings
= 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 8 (on)
geometry =
9964/255/63, sectors = 160086528, start = 0
This is output of a
disk that should be already configured well. Unic important
operation, but that cannot be seen from this men?is the udma mode.
With the former command you can see that the dma mode is activated,
but not what mode is actived.
About this, we will think at
the end.
-Configure our device.
Start giving the
command:
hdparm -t /dev/hdX
and sign your transfer rate. If
IO_Support is equal at 0, active it with the command:
hdparm
-c1 /dev/hdX.
Some combinations of mother
boards /devices require the parameter c3.This option should alone
double the transfer rate of your devices. Unmskirq is needed to
mantein the operating system "responsive" (ready!!).
while
you are reading from device, useful overall for cd/dvd. You can
active it with:
hdparm -u1 /dev/hdX
And now we pass to more
interesting side: the dma modality. Give the command:
hdparm -t
/dev/hdX
after every operation.
Every operation should hide
your transfer rate. If it's not like this, you should return to the
former option, because the current is not supported. Start
with:
hdparm -d1 /dev/hdX
This option doesn't give necessary to
a high level of performances, if it has not been actived a dma
modality valid: let go to set it.
This is the table of parameters
to give to hdparm (stolen from nice peoples of intel):
(ATA/33)
-X66
(ATA/66) -X68
(ATA/100) -X69
For example to active the
modality ATA/66, give the command:
hdparm -X68 /dev/hdX
There
is a last option to set, a little more dangeorous of the others:
multicount. Give the command:
hdparm -i /dev/hdX
and
read the voice max_multicount. It will be the value to set
like:
hdparm -mY /dev/hdX
Obviously this
option is not to set for cd/dvd that has only 1 little-head, the
laser. At this point you should have a transfer rate at least of 40MB
for second with a disk ATA/66. Confront it with you had before of
every operation. Enjoy and stay quiet by the result :-)
NOTE:
These options are not permanent, so you will have to put all your
commands in a script and execute it at start putting the name of the
file at the end of:
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
12a)INSTALLED
HARDWARE
Write followed commands like user root:
lspci
dmesg
cat
/proc/cpuinfo
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++UTILITY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1b)GRAPHIC
ENVIRONMENT
To start the Xgraphic write (twm) and if you want to
start it automatically write on file .xinitrc (into your home
directory) the written twm and in file .profile o .bash_profile
(startx).
Instead to write twm it's possible write also mwm, 4dwm,
afterstep, fvwm95, fvwm, gnome-session ecc.. (/etc/X11).
2b)FILE
SEARCH
- find (directory-file) es. find / -name cri.txt
(/ search in all file system -name followed from name of file)
-
find /root -size 990k ( find a file of dimension 990k into directory
/root)
- locate file (es. locate cri.txt) a fast way to find a
file (before give the command update and later the command locate).
-
which cri.txt in different precondition directories ( which
cri.txt /usr /tmp/root)
* grep search a word
inside a document (es. grep "casa" *.txt
)
3b)ARCHIVE AND COMPRESS FILES
EXTENSION
COMPRESS
DECOMPRESS
Z
compress cri.txt
uncompress
cri.Z
zip
zip cri.txt cri.zip
unzip
cri.zip
gz
gzip cri.txt
gunzip cri.gz
bzip2
bzip2 cri.txt
bunzip2 -d cri.bz2
tar.gz
tar zcvf cri.tar.gz</dir/files>
tar zxvf cri.tar.gz
lzh
lha a cri.lzh</dir/files>
lha x cri.lzh
rar
rar a cri.rar</dir/files>
unrar x cri.rar
zoo
zoo -add cri.zoo</dir/files>
zoo -extract cri.zoo
4b)MOUNT A FLOPPY
To
mount a floppy the command is:
mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
( name directory that you must to create with command mkdir )
If
instead of ext2 (linux) write msdos , you can use floppy that are ok
also in dos/windows systems.
umount -t ext2 /dev/fd0
To unmount.
5b)MOUNT A CDROM
to
mount a cdrom the command is:
mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom
(name dir that you have to create with mkdir)
To control that
cdrom is hdc o hdd o scd0 o scd1 (if SCSI) and remember to create a
directory named cdrom.
6b)MOUNT A WINDOWS PARTITION
To
mount a windows partition the command is:
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1
/mnt/win ( name directory that you have to create with mkdir)
Control
that windows partition is on hda1 (in my case) and remember to create
a directory named win (at your discretion).
To mount a Windows NT
partition the command is:
mount -t ntfs /dev/nt_partition
/mnt/winnt
7b)MOUNT A LINUX PARTITION
To mount a linux partition
the command is:
mount -t ext2 /dev/hda5 /mnt/linux1 (name
directory that you have to create with mkdir)
-t is the type of
filesystem, for example (ext2, ext3, reiserfs, etc....)
mount -w -n -o remount /
mount file system in write mode
mount -r -n -o remount
/ mount file system in
read-only mode
8b)DUPLICATE A
FLOPPY
cat /dev/fd0H1440 > myfloppy
After which, it's needed
to insert the destination floppy and execute:
cat myfloppy >
/dev/fd0H1440
9b)INSTALL PROGRAMS (First of all read file
Install or Readme file)
If file has extension
.tar.gz or .tgz uncompact first with:
(tar zxvf program.tar.gz) or
(tar xvf program.tgz)
cd program (enter in new directory just
created)
./configure
make
make install
10b)SCANDISK
ON LINUX
df (to control on what partition is installed
linux)
badblocks /dev/hda1 (if linux is installed on
/dev/hda1)
fsck -a / (to repair automatically the file system
without asking questions)
ATTENTION is adviced to not using (-a)
on file-system non-ext2
fsck /dev/<device> must to be
unmounted or mounted in read-only
reiserfsck –check /dev/sda1
(It checks without repairing file-system).
reiserfsck –rebuild-sb
/dev/sda1 (It rebuilds the blocks of damaged partition).
reiserfsck
–scan-whole-partition –rebuild-tree /dev/sda1 (It checks all
partition and rebuilds the file-system tree of whole
file-system)
11b)FILES MANAGER
An easy file-manager to
use is (mc)
You have only to write this command (mc) to access to
commands that are on the high side of keyboard pressing F9 key.
Indeed you can find it to enter in telnet ed ftp.
12b)PASSWORD
ON LILO (ATTENTION DANGEROUS COMMAND!!!)
Enter on file
/etc/lilo.conf and insert this row:
password = "password that
you want"
13b)OPEN MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME
CONTEMPORANEOUSLY
Pressing contemporaneously keys (Ctrl+Alt) and
F1 key it's opening a pure unix window where to insert user and the
password, at this point it's possible using this screen while
you are already using another program. At
this point press keys
Ctrl+Alt+F2 e so on.
To return at the X server
<ctrl>+<alt>+<F7>
To use 2 X server on the same
machine (havy) you have to:
ctrl+alt+F2 to pass at the second
console, do the login and digit:
startx -- :1
The first
X-server was and continue staying on ctrl+alt+F7 the second is
on
ctrl+alt+F8. The busy display from first is "0" while
that busy from second is "1". To consider it in case
you
have to forward of connection X.
14b)PRINT
lpstat -tp
(info on configured printers)
lpr (to print a file ex. lpr
/root/cri)
lpr -p /root/cri (if the text has lines much long and
go out from edges of the page)
lpq (to control the state of the
printing and id during the stamps)
lprm number_id_tail_of_printing
( to drop the command of printing) ex.(lprm 28)
lprm -
delete outright all printing tails to delete all printing
required
lprm -P printername (delete the jobs of a specified
printer)
/usr/bin/disable printername (disable the
printer)
/usr/bin/enable printername (enable the printer)
enscript
(convert the text in a files PostScript)
enscript -r (to print
across)
enscript -r -2 (to print 2 pages on a single
leaf)
enscript -n 3 (to print for ex. 3 copies)
enscript -a
<start page> <end page> to print an alone break of
pages.
15b)RESCUE FLOPPY
Giving for discounted having
ricompiled the kernel and having created file /boot/bzImage go in
this directory and write:
(cp bzImage /dev/fd0)
On RedHat
write:
mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.4.5 (it's the number
version of
/boot/vmlinuz)
16b)DELETE BOOTMANAGER ON
MBR
From linux give the command:
lilo
-U
Make a msdos help floppy and write:
fdisk /mbr
If you
have Windows2000, write:
fixmbr
ATTENTION TO USE THIS
COMMAND BECAUSE CAN DELETE THE TABLES OF FAT AND NTFS PARTITION OF
WINDOWS.
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/yourdisk bs=512 count=1
To
restore a lost partition or damaged (maybe because from an analysis
with fdisk gives "unlocated tables", use the programs
TestDisk & PhotoRec availables under linux or
windows or other operating systems.
17b)DISABLE
OR ABLE THE CLASSIC SOUND BIP
To disable enter
into file /etc/inputrc or into file ./inputrc and write:
set
bell-style none
To able enter into file /etc/inputrc or into
file ./inputrc and write:
set bell-style visible
To listen
the sound write:
echo -e "\007"
To high the
sound from line command:
aumix -L path/.aumixrc
18b)DISABLE
CTRL-ALT-CANC FROM CONSOLE OR REMOTE
Enter
into file /etc/inittab and disable with a # ahead the
row:
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
19b)START
THE GRAPHIC WITHOUT INSERT LOGIN AND PASSWORD
Exist
2 methods, you have to try and adapt at your distro.
1)
This
thing has been tryied on redhat 7.1
-Modify the file
/etc/sysconfig/desktop
Insert the name of desktop that will start,
es. fvwm2
Modify the file /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients replacing the
name of predefined desktop (GNOME) with fvwm2.
Modify the file
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/xinput replacing the name of desktop
predefined (GNOME) with fvwm2.
Create the file .xinitrc inside the
directory of the user or root and write inside:
fvwm2
Modify
the file /etc/rc.d/rc.local inserting on the first row (or replacing
the first row) with:
#!/bin/bash
After this row write the path
of file .xinitrc and after the written startx,
resuming:
#!/bin/bash
cd /root & startx
or
cd /root &
startx fvwm2
At this point reboot pc and see the
result.
2)
Inserting a user with the home and the group of
belongings. Modify the file /etc/profile inserting these
dates:
HOME="/username"
export HOME
Save the
file.
Enter in /etc/inittab disabling from row Run gettys until
the end putting a # in front of all the rows.
Over the row Run
getty insert another row:
1:12345:wait:/bin/bash -login
Save
the file and reboot. At start enter such as user withou insert
username and password.
If inside /home/user we insert a file
.xinitrc where we write graphic desktop to start for example fvwm2.
It's possible to copy the file
/etc/X11/fvwm2/system.fvwm2rc inside /home/user
and rename it in .fvwm2rc
Inside file .bash_profile at the end
write startx, so will start the graphic automatically. Rebooting the
pc we will enter such as user and automatically will start the X
chosen.
20b)ENABLE THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or
XFree
Enter inside file /etc/X11/xorg.conf
or /etc/X11/XF86Config
Configure the voice mouse such as
follows:
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier
"Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol"
"IMPS/2"
Option "Device" "/dev/psaux"
##or "/dev/mouse"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4
5"
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "no"
EndSection
21b)COPY PARTITIONS
FROM HARD-DISK A TO HARD-DISK B
Create a rescue-floppy of linux
from your distro that you have installed, it
will be used to
install lilo if pc will not start.
Insert into pc new hard-disk
(b) and start the pc from the first hard-disk
(a). Delete all
dates from on b:
fdisk /dev/hdb (If you have an error Impossible
open /dev/hdb it means that
hard-disk is not recognized). Try with
hdc, hdd, etc .
We continue assuming that (b), the second
hard-disk, has been recognized.
Delete other present partitions in
(b).
Fdisk /dev/hdb
Command (m to call the guide):
Press d
and after the number of partition (from 1 to 4)
Example
d
Enter
1 Enter
d Enter
2 Enter
d Enter
3 Enter
d
Enter
4 Enter
w (to save and exit from fdisk)
q (to exit
without save)
Say that now disk b is empty, we can check with
cfdisk /dev/hdb. Now, show
the partitions in /dev/hda (first disk)
and the dimensions in megabyte
(write them aside in a
paper).
Create the empty partitions in disk b with:
Create
the partition linux ext2
cfdisk /dev/hdb
New
Primary (Move
with keys arrows)
Dimensions: Insert the dimensions in mb, an
advise, if possible grow them of
5 mb, that
is
Start
Startable
Type (you can choice the type of
file-system)
Create the partition swap
New
Logic
Dimensions:
Insert the dimensions in mb, I advise if possible to grow of
5
mega.
End
Type (you can choice the type of file-system,
that is swap)
Write (Write and save the empty partitions)
Until
now we have deleted the partitions on disk b and we have created
them
empty to the same dimension (almost).
Now as last thing we
copy the partitions from hard-disk a to hard-disk b.
dd
if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/hdb1 (partition linux)
Wait until you won't
have new line of command (depend from how much is big
the
partition), after that write:
dd if=/dev/hda5 of=/dev/hdb5
(partition swap)
At the end, stop the system with the command
halt, turn off the pc and move
the hard-disk a and insert the
hard-disk b so that becomes first disk (move
the little-tongue on
hard-disk).
If you see lilo and pressing Enter the pc stop on
kernel-panic, insert the
rescue floppy and at lilo write_
linux
root=/dev/hda1 (we say where is file-system of linux).
Once the
system is started, configure /etc/lilo.conf so the s.o. start
lilo
correctly. If lilo doesn't work, restart the pc. If it
doesn't work yet,
restart the pc always with rescue-floppy and
modify the first line of
/etc/lilo.conf in:
boot=/dev/hda1
or
in
boot=/dev/hda
save and write lilo, restart the pc.
If at
start with hard-disk b you see fsck (like scandisk) that
correct
automatically the errors don't worry, if instead it asks
you the root
password, it means that installation is not gone
well.
I advise to repeat the installation. If you arrive at login
and write top
(Enter) it's possible that partition swap is not
active, surely at start
there have been errors instead of usuals
ok. To active you need only to give
once:
mkswap -c
/dev/hda5
swapon /dev/hda5
If you write again "top"
the partition swap will be active forever, also
at
next
reboot.
22b)START KDE OR GNOME INSIDE XTERM USING
XNEST
Install the program Xnest, start the graphic interface
chosen and from here
open xterm. Inside it write:
Xnest :1 (you
can choice also 2 or 3 etc .)
It will appear a black window.
Open
a second xterm and start:
xterm -display : 1 ( the same of
Xnest)
If you control inside the black window there is a xterm
opened and empty.
Doesn't remain that open a graphic interface
wished writing inside at
example:
startkde
startgnome
Now
it will open only in the black window the graphic interface
chosed.
If you have a problem with authorization of xterm to not
be executed it's
because misses the cookie of xauth.
If the
error is this:
Xnest: client 1 rejected from local host
Xlib:
connection to ":1.0" refused by server
Xlib: Client is
not authorized to connect to Server
xterm Xt error: Can't open
display: :1
Write this in a file, execute it and start it
(obviously it adapts it):
#!/bin/sh
MCOOKIE=$(mcookie)
xauth add $(hostname)/unix$1 . $MCOOKIE
xauth add
localhost/unix$1 . $MCOOKIE
Xnest "$@"
xauth remove $(hostname)/unix$1 localhost/unix$1
exit
0
23b)SETTING SINGLE KEYS OF KEYBOARD
Modify the
keyboard on console, but before copy the file:
cd
/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/
or
cd
/usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/
cp it.kmap.gz
it.kmaoriginale.gz
gunzip it.kmap.gz
vi it.kmap.gz
Example
modifying the key (Caps_lock) I'll write the letter e.
Modify the
row from:
keycode 58 = Caps_Lock
to
keycode 58 = e
Exit
and save the file pressing Esc:wq!
Zip again the file with:
gzip
-9 it.kmap
Restart the pc, when you will press the key Caps_lock
instead to jump on
space will appear the letter e.
24b)CREATE
OR RECREATE DEVICES IN /DEV
Login as root user
How recreate
/dev/fd0:
1 possibility:
cd /dev
/MAKEDEV fd0
2
possibility:
mknod -m 660 /dev/fd0 b 2 0
followed from:
chgrp
floppy /dev/fd0
I believe that it's ok also for other
devices.
25b)TURNOFF THE PC AUTOMATICALLY
1ﾰ
method)
If you have Slackware
(like in my case) and you don't want to recompile the
kernel, go
in /etc/rc.d/rc.modules and pull out the wicket
to
/sbin/modprobe/apm
Obviously you have to reboot the pc to
charge the module at boot first to
give the command:
halt
2ﾰ
method)
Who would have
recompiled the kernel 2.2.x you need only to able the module
APM
and the pc will turnoff automatically. Instead who had recompiled
the
kernel 2.4.x go in General Setup able with y the Advanced
Power Management
BIOS support that Use real mode APM BIOS call to
power off. Recompile the
kernel (like it's written on first
points) and open with vi the file
/etc/lilo.conf.
For your
recompiled distro will have to appear a screen like this, you
need
only to add last row like
that:
image=/boot/bzImage
label="Mandriva"
root=/dev/hda5
read-only
append="apm=power-off"
Save
the file, write lilo and reboot the pc. When you will write halt the
pc
will turnoff automatically, ' stopping' first the hard-disks
and after
turning-off itself.
26b)ITALIAN KEYBOARD
UNDER SLACKWARE
If you have started Kde, remember to install also
with installpkg:
kde-i18n-it-3.X.X-noarch-1.tgz (depend from
the version of Kde that you
have
installed)
koffice-i18n-it-X.X.X-noarch-1.tgz (depend from the
version of Kde that you
have installed)
Go to Control Center of
Kde, Regional and Easy Access, Layout of keyboard,
click on able
Layout of keyboard and choice:
Keyboard Model --> Choice
keyboard 105-key
First Layout Italian
Politic of changing -->
Global
Click on Apply.
Go to Language and state/region, under
National Setting chosing:
State Italy
Language Italian
Under
Money like value delete EUR and write the symbol of euro with
AltGr
e
Click on Apply, after on File and at the end on Exit.
Remember
to set in xf86config (xorg86config) the keyboard at 105 keys
and
Italian nationality (40). Now we can see the graphic shell,
from now make a
copy of all files that we will modify. Modify the
file /etc/X11/XF86Config
and changing into the section Core
keyboard's InputDevice section the row
from:
Option "XkbLayout"
"de"
to
Option "XkbLayout" "it"
Enter
into file /etc/profile and
add:
LC_ALL=it_IT@euro
LANG=it_IT@euro
Copy the file
/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/it.map.gz in a directory
and
scompact it like that (make a backyp of files that we will go
to
modify):
gunzip it.map.gz
Editing after with vi go at
point 18 and modify it such as it's written
(attention at
tabulations):
keycode 18 = e
E currency
alt keycode 18 = Meta_currency
For
safe I'll write also the spaces:
between keycode and 18 there are
2
between 18 and = there is 1
between = and e there is
1
between e and E there are 9
between E and currency there are
7
between il lato and alt there are 8
between l'alt and keycode
there are 5
between keycode and 18 there are 2
between 18 and =
there is 1
between = and Meta_currency there is 1
Save and exit
from the file, zip it and replace it with that already
exist:
gzip
it.map.gz
cp -f it.map.gz
/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/it.map.gz
Creat the empty file
/etc/rc.d/rc.font write inside it:
setfont -v
/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/lat9w-14.psfu.gz
Give the permissions
770 and execute it at start of computer.
Reboot the pc and your
shell will have the symble of euro.
27b)GRUB ON HARD-DISK
IDE AND SCSI
This point is shared in 3 sections:
- Install grub
manually and working/acknowledgment of partitions
- Use grub (2
with disks eide and 1 with disks scsi)
- Improve to apply to grub
(use password and start other operating systems)
- Install
grub manually and working/acknowledgment of partitions
Installation
of grub in few easy steps. Firstly create a floppy/usb stick/cd/dvd
of rescue of linux, so in case of emergency you can always start the
operating system.
uninstall lilo with:
lilo -U
Like
user root install manually grub like that (into actual distributions
is already installed):
tar zxvf grub-0.94.tar.gz
cd
grub-0.94/
/configure && make && make install
cd
/usr/local/share/grub/i386-pc/
mkdir /boot/grub
cp -f *
/boot/grub/
Control that the following files are in /boot/grub
(otherwise move them in this
directory):
e2fs_stage1_5
fat_stage1_5
ffs_stage1_5
minix_stage1_5
reiserfs_stage1_5
vstafs_stage1_5
stage1
stage2
Grub
suggests the partitions differently from Linux: a couple of numbers
between parenthesis, with numbers that start from zero. To do an
example:
/dev/hda --> (hd0) (primary hard-disk)
/dev/hdb
--> (hd1) (second hard-disk)
/dev/hda1 --> (hd0,0) (primary
partition, in my case there is WindowsMe)
/dev/hda5 --> (hd0,4)
(second partition, in my case there is Mandriva)
/dev/hdb2 -->
(hd1,1) (primary partition, in my case there is Debian)
and
ahead, the concept should be clear.
My pc is partitioned like
that:
hda1 WindowsMe that under grub becomes (hd0,0)
hda5
Mandrake that under grub becomes (hd0,4)
hdb2 Debian that under
grub becomes (hd1,1)
- Use grub (2 with disks eide and 1 with
disks scsi)
Ahead 3 methods to use grub (the first and second with
disks eide, the third with disks scsi).
1ﾰ
Method install/use grub with disk
eide
Go in /boot/grub/ and rename the file menu.lst in
menuold.lst
Create a new one menu.lst and write how followed
(always second my configuration):
default 0
color
white/blue #(white are the writtens, blue is background)
timeout
5
title Mandriva
kernel (hd0,4)/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda5
apm=power-off
title Slackware
kernel (hd1,0)/boot/vmlinuz
root=/dev/hdb1 hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi
title WindowsMe
root
(hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1
Save file and inside
shell (ex. in xterm) write:
grub-install /dev/hda (grub is
installed in boot-manager)
If on first row will appear how much
follows, installation is finished:
Installation finished. No error
reported.
Reboot pc and you will see your new boot-manager.
2ﾰ
Method install/use grub with a disk
eide
Now we create file /etc/grub.config inserting following dates
modifying them, here is present my configuration:
default 0
#(says what voice will has to start)
color black/red (color
written black with underground red). To change at own
pleasure.
timeout 5 #(time of wait)
title Mandriva #(first
operating system that starts)
kernel (hd0,4)/boot/bzImage
root=/dev/hda5
title Debian #(second operating system that
starts)
kernel (hd1,1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.20 root=/dev/hdb2
title
WindowsMe #(third operating system that starts)
chainloader
(hd0,0)+1 #(has to start the first sector of disk)
Save file
and go in /boot/grub and digit grub and will appear:
grub>
"The
operation beneath has been done from Mandriva (hd0,4), if the thing
has been done from Debian I would have had write (hd1,1).
(hd9)
has be fix because grub is installed on mbr, if has been put on
primary partition it had to be written (hd0,0)".
Now
write:
install (hd0,4)/boot/grub/stage1 (hd0)
(hd0,4)/boot/grub/stage2 p (hd0,4)
/etc/grub.config #(Write from
install to grub.config all in a row)
If all has gone well at
the end will appear only the written grub, to save and exit write
quit.
Reboot the pc and will appear new boot-loader, to choice the
operating system use the arrows on keyboard. The operating system
that will start of default is Mandriva (the first in the list),
instead about windows and the
row beneath (chainloader etc....) I
can only say that like that start regularly.
3ﾰ
Method install/use grub with disks
scsi
Thanks to Giamma for the contribution.
Here I have
installed Grub on my hdd, the version that I've used is: 0.9.3
To
install Grub on disk hd0 after having installed grub, I've created a
directory /boot/grub and there I've copied all files that I found
inside /usr/local/share/grub/i386 and I've added also the file
menu.lst before created like beneath hence from directory /boot/grub
I've digit:
grub
root (hd0,0) #should recognize the
file system of disk hd0
setup (hd0) #seach file stage1 and stage2
and its install itself
quit
To start windows with grub that
is found on hdd SCSI (and if present also disks EIDE on the same
pc):
modify menu.lst like below (this title must be the
last):
title windows
rootnoverify (hd1,0) 1
makeactive
(1)
chainloader +1
map (hd0) (hd1)
map (hd1) (hd0)
boot
#
explanation about above:
# rootnoverify (hd1,0) 1
#for now the
disk SCSI is not hd0 but that after the last disk EIDE
#(in my
case is the secodn, hence hd1)
#(1 final says to grub to use the
bios scsi fot that disk instead the bios of the mother-board)
#
map (hd0) (hd1)
# map (hd1) (hd0)
#(these two rows map
change the disk scsi doing become it the first disk (hence c:)
All
this because grub assigns always to EIDE the first disk (c:)
If
you want to foresee also a reboot from windows it will be better put
another title like below (the disks have already been changed first
with the start):
title reboot winsoz
rootnoverify
(hd0,0)
makeactive (1)
chainloader +1
boot
#(however I
haven't tried this)
-Improves to apply to grub (use password
and start other operating systems)
If you want a password to
boot, in file menu.lst under timeout write:
password prova (choice
the password that you want)
Under every written tile insert the
written:
lock
Depend which operating system you want become not
accessible. Write later on xterm:
grub-install /dev/hda
Reboot
the pc. At boot if you choice a s.o. you will have an error:
Error
32: Must be authenticated
You must press the letter pc on keyboard
and write the password inserted in /etc/boot/menu.lst. Choice now
which operating system to start moving with the arrows and after
pressing Enter.
If you have other operating systems (like
Minix, Netbsd, Openbsd, Freedos), you need to add the following rows
on file menu.lst (taking present in which partition are installed),
these are only an example, hence you will have to modify the side
after the written "root":
title Minix
root
(hd0,2)
chainloader +1
title Netbsd
root
(hd0,3)
chainloader +1
title Freedos
root
(hd0,4)
makeactive
chainloader +1
title Openbsd
root
(hd0,5)
chainloader +1
Following the first method, in case
you make the modifies it is not necessary write always grub-install
/dev/hda because grub acquires automatically the modifies done on the
contrary of lilo.
28b)GRUB
ON FLOPPY OF BOOT OR USB STICK
ATTENTION
why grub on usb-stick,
at contrary of floppy, will want a different map into file menu.lst,
such as written below.
First of all install grub under linux like
root user:
On Archlinux write:
pacman -S grub
pacman -S
grub-gfx (with splashimage enabled)
Or
download the source and recompile.
tar zxvf grub-x.xx.tar.gz
cd
grub-x.xx/
/configure && make && make install
cd
/usr/local/share/grub/i386-pc/
mkdir /boot/grub
cp -f *
/boot/grub/
You can create immagine.xpm.gz modifying an existing
image, it permits to have that image at start of grub on
boot:
convert -geometry 640x480 -colors 14 image.jpg image.xpm &&
gzip image.xpm && cp -f image.xpm.gz /boot/grub
Do you
want a crypted password on grub, without the possibility to edit the
menu on boot, if not inserting the password ???
Open a shell and
write:
grub md5crypt
Insert the password and will be given back
the crypted password. Now in menu.lst insert:
password -md5
:$........... (the crypted password).
-FLOPPY
(we can start both Linux end Windows).
Take a floppy, format it
with file-system msdos (so it will be possible modify the file
menu.lst both dos/windows end linux) and mount it:
fdformat
/dev/fd0
mkfs.msdos /dev/fd0
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0
/mnt/floppy/
mkdir -p /mnt/floppy/boot/grub
cp
/boot/grub/stage* /mnt/floppy/boot/grub
cp /boot/grub/fat_stage1_5
/mnt/floppy/boot/grub
Open another shell and write:
grub
root
(fd0)
setup (fd0)
quit
Now copy, modify and create ex-novo a
file menu.lst where inside there are instructions to start a s.o. on
reboot. If you have done something wrong don't worry, grub on boot
permit from command-line to modify file
menu.lst and to start the
s.o. chosed, once time started you will have to modify the file
menu.lst by hand.
This is my file menu.lst:
default
0
color red/black
timeout
10
splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/image.xpm.gz #(if you want
an image when grub starts)
#password
provadiboot
title Slackware
#lock
kernel
(hd0,1)/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2 apm=power-off
title Slackware
originale
#lock
kernel (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2
hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi
apm=power-off
title
WindowsMe
#lock
root (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader
+1
title Minix
root (hd0,2)
chainloader +1
title
Netbsd
root (hd0,3)
chainloader +1
title Freedos
root
(hd0,4)
makeactive
chainloader +1
title Openbsd
root
(hd1,5)
chainloader +1
Modify my file second your need, or
create a new file.
Save file in /mnt/floppy/boot/grub/menu.lst and
unmount the floppy:
umount /mnt/floppy
Reboot the pc with
floppy inserted.
-USB STICK (ATTENTION at new map of file
menu.lst).
Insert the usb stick and write:
cfdisk /dev/sda
(choice Bootable, Tye --> 0B W95 FAT32) , write the modifies and
exit pull out the stick and insert it again (from now /dev/sda will
be hd1 that our usb stick).
mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1
pull out the
usb stick and insert it again
mkdir /mnt/usb
cd /mnt/
mount
-t vfat /dev/sda1 usb/
mkdir -p /mnt/usb/boot/grub
cp -f
/boot/grub/* /mnt/usb/boot/grub
Open a shell and
write:
grub
root (hd1,0) (press Start will appear a
row ---> Filesystem type is reiserfs, partition type 0x83 setup
(hd1) will have to appear differents written, last is done
(otherwise repeat all from the start)
quit
File device.map
into directory grub will be made from these rows, sda is the
usb-stick:
(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0)
/dev/hda
(hd1) /dev/sda
Edit file menu.lst will
be made like that:
timeout 5
default
0
color light-blue/red
light-cyan/green
splashimage=(hd1,1)/boot/grub/image.xpm.gz
#(if you want an image when grub starts)
password
the_password_that_you_want
title Arch
Recompiled
lock
#enable the password
root (hd1,1) #also if linux is on
hard-disk hd0, because we found on usb stick, insert hd1
kernel
/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2
initrd /boot/initrd26.img
title
WinXP
lock
map (hd0) (hd1)
# only for Windows I remap hard-disk,
inverting it
map (hd1)
(hd0) # like
above
root (hd1,0)
#Windows will be on hd1 and not on hd0,
that
is
hard-disk
rootnoverify (hd1,0) #I
don't able any controll
makeactive
chainloader +1
title
ArchLinux
root (hd1,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/hda2 ro
hdb=ide-scsi
initrd /boot/initrd26-full.img
title
Minix
root (hd1,2)
chainloader +1
title Netbsd
root
(hd1,3)
chainloader +1
title Freedos
root
(hd1,4)
makeactive
chainloader +1
title Openbsd
root
(hd1,5)
chainloader +1
If you have written something of
wrong or you don't have inserted a s.o. to start, you can choice to
do it from command line. When will appear the screen semi-graphic of
grub you have the possibility to modify the row that start the s.o.
or insert a new line. Es. If you choice the s.o. Slackware, press the
key e (it's edit), after again e, modify the row for ex. pulling out
"apm=power-off", press the key Esc and after the letter b
of boot. Now the s.o. will reboot Slackware but without the row
power-off. Pressing the letter c you will enter on the command line,
with letter o you will edit a new row, etc ....
The benefits of
grub are a lot, one of them is to modify by hand the row that start
the s.o., the other is that that has no problems to manage different
giga, has no problems of 10240 cylinder (thing that has lilo), if you
have more s.o. on differentes disks I've seen that lilo gave me big
problems, with grub I've resolved all.
29b)USE .OGG
VORBIS
-Convert a file .ogg in a file .wav (for informations
man oggdec)
oggdec file.ogg
-Convert a file .wav in .ogg
(for informations man oggdec)
oggenc file.wav
-Convert a
file .mp3 in .ogg
mpg321 file.mp3 -w raw
oggenc -n file.mp3 raw
-o newfile.ogg
-To have informations on a file .ogg
ogginfo
-v file.ogg
-Listening a file .ogg use xmms or from command
line:
ogg123 file.ogg
or
ogg123 -d alsa09
file.ogg
30b)FIRST STEPS WITH SLACKWARE
-How configure
the graphic ?? Enter into shell like root user and start
xf86config
(or xorg86config), in this example I'll set my graphic
card Nvidia
GeForce2 with resolution of 800x600:
Enter
(Protocol Number) 4
Enter
Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? n Enter
Mouse
device: /dev/psaux Enter
Enter a number to choose the keyboard. 4
Enter
Enter a number to choose the country. 40 Enter
Enter
n
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter your choice (1-11): 6 Enter
Enter
your choice: 3 Enter
Enter an identifier for your monitor
definition: Enter
Do you want to look at the card database? y
Enter
349 NVIDIA GeForce GeForce (Write 349 Enter)
Press enter
to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. Enter
Enter your choice: 8
Enter
Enter an identifier for your video card definition:
Enter
Enter your choice: 3 Enter
Which modes? 3 Enter
Do you
want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen?
n
Enter
Enter your choice: 4 Enter
Enter a number to choose
the default depth. 5 Enter
Shall I write it to
/etc/X11/XF86Config? y Enter
-Enable NumLock on Kde and under
the bash.
Under Kde click on:
Settings
Control
Center
Peripherics
Keyboard
Numlock (Click on Access)
Under
bash (ctrl-alt F6) insert this row at the end of
file
/etc/rc.d/rc.keymap:
INITTY=/dev/tty[1-6]
for tty in
$INITTY; do
setleds -D +num < $tty
done
-Doesn't
start the graphic ??
Go to /etc/inittab and modify the following
string like that:
id:4:initdefault:
-Ho configure the
printer (4 Methods):
1ﾰ)Uninstall
lpr and use cups with WebAdmin with parallel printer
Go into
directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can see
that you will see many lp*;
Do these liks (if they already exist
or are not valid, delete them and recreate again):
To delete them
write:
cd /usr/bin
rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq
To rewrite
them:
ln -s lp-cups lp
ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat
ln -s
lpr-cups lpr
ln -s lprm-cups lprm
ln -s lpq-cups lpq
At this
point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable
(-rwxr-xr-x), if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups",
and after "/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start"
Go on
/etc/rc.d/rc.local and comment with a # ahead the following row (if
it's present):
#/usr/sbin/lpd
Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.M and comment
these rows (able only cups and no more lpd):
# Start the print
spooling system. This will usually be LPRng (lpd) or CUPS.
if [ -x
/etc/rc.d/rc.cups ]; then
# Start CUPS:
/etc/rc.d/rc.cups
start
#elif [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng ]; then
# # Start LPRng
(lpd):
# . /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng start
fi
If /etc/rc.d/rc.cups
is executable, control to have apache activated, open a browser and
write:
http://localhost:631/
Click on Administration and Add
Printer, on name insert the name of the printer (ex. hp610c), go with
a new page of the browser on http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or
http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting and after on
Printers, select the brand and the model of your printer, click later
on download PPD and
download the file in
/usr/share/cups/model/
Click on continue, choice on Device for
ex. (Parallel Port #1), again on continue, on Make select the brand
HP, on Model select the model of the printer and at the end on
continue.
2ﾰ)Uninstall
lpr and use cups Kde-Peripherics-Printers with usb printer
Go into
directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can see
that you will see many lp*;
Do these liks (if they already exist
or are not valid, delete them and recreate again):
To delete them
write:
cd /usr/bin
rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq
To rewrite
them:
ln -s lp-cups lp
ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat
ln -s
lpr-cups lpr
ln -s lprm-cups lprm
ln -s lpq-cups lpq
At this
point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable (-rwxr-xr-x),
if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups", and after
"/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start"
Go on /etc/rc.d/rc.local
and comment with a # ahead the following row
(if it's
present):
#/usr/sbin/lpd
Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.M and comment these
rows (able only cups and no more lpd):
# Start the print spooling
system. This will usually be LPRng (lpd) or CUPS.
if [ -x
/etc/rc.d/rc.cups ]; then
# Start CUPS:
/etc/rc.d/rc.cups
start
#elif [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng ]; then
# # Start LPRng
(lpd):
# . /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng start
fi
If /etc/rc.d/cups is
executable, on KDE go on Peripherics, printers, above
click with
right-key of the mouse on AddPrinter, local Printer (parallel,
serial, USB), Next, select USB Printer #1 (3550) if usb like in my
case, click on other, and select file *.PPD of your printer
downloaded and
saved before from http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or
http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting , after on Next,
Impostations, Next, Next, Next, Next, insert the name of the printer
and after on end.
3ﾰ)Use
lpr and apsfilter
Once is installed the program apsfilter go in
/usr/share/apsfilter and write ./SETUP and configure the
printer.
4ﾰ)Print
with OpenOffice with cups, Kde-Peripherics-Printers- OpenOffice
Managements Printers
If you don't try to print with OpenOffice,
follow what is written:
Uninstall the packet lp (execute like user
root, pkgtool, go on remove and pull out in packet lpd-.......)
Go
into directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can
see that you will see many lp*;
Do these liks (if they already
exist or are not valid, delete them and recreate again):
To delete
them write:
cd /usr/bin
rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq
To rewrite
them:
ln -s lp-cups lp
ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat
ln -s
lpr-cups lpr
ln -s lprm-cups lprm
ln -s lpq-cups lpq
At this
point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable (-rwxr-xr-x),
if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups", and after
"/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start"
Go
here:
http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or
http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting , download the PPD file
(depend from the model of you printer) and save it in
/usr/share/cups/model/
If /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable, on KDE
go on Peripherics, printers, above click with right key of mouse on
Add Printer, local printer (parallel, serial, USB), Next, select USB
Printer #1 (3550) if usb like in my case,
click on other and
select file *.PPD of your printer downloaded and saved from
http://www.linuxprinting.org/
or
http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting, after go on Next,
Settings, Next, Next, Next, Next, insert the name of the printer and
after click on end.
From Kde go on OpenOffice Management
Printers, remove the printer (if present a generic), click on
NewPrinter, Add Printer, Import, Browser and go on directory
/usr/share/cups/model/, select file PPD saved before, click on OK,
reselect you printer on the list, Next, write lpr and at the end
Finish. Select the printer and click on Properties and here set the
parameters of the printer.
On select command choice lpr and not
cups (this is valid only for OpenOffice).
Good print.
-Doesn't
start the printer driver??:
Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.local and insert
the following string:
/usr/sbin/lpd
and eventually if you use
cups like driver of printer:
cd /etc/rc.d/
chmod 755
rc.cups
/rc.cups restart
-Every time you login or start
xterm you can see different writtens ??
chmod a-x
/etc/profile.d/bsd*
-Configure adsl
Start the program
adsl-setup and configure with few parameters required. To start the
connection write:
adsl-start
To stop it write:
adsl-stop
-How
install a file .rpm on slackware:
rpm -i --nodeps --force
file.rpm
-How convert file .rpm in .tgz and .tar.gz
rpm2tgz
file.rpm
rpm2targz file.rpm
-Install, upgrade, uninstall
file .tgz on slackware
Beyond sware it's possible use the program
(already automatically installed):
pkgtool
Or use the commands
like below:
installpkg file.tgz (To install a packet)
removepkg
file.tgz (To uninstall a packet)
upgradepkg file.tgz (To update a
packet)
makepkg (create a packet compatible for
slackware)
explodepkg (unzip the packet into following
directory)
-Able all console (ctrl-alt-Fx)
Edit file
/etc/inittab and insert the number 4 like
that:
c1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty1
linux
c2:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty2
linux
c3:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty3
linux
c4:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty4
linux
c5:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty5
linux
c6:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty6 linux
When you
have done the modify reboot the computer.
-Able the server
telnet:
Uncomment the row relative at telnet in /etc/inetd.conf:
#
Telnet server:
#telnet stream tcp
nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd
in.telnetd
and after give the command:
killall -HUP
inetd
-Able the reboot and halt at users:
Install
sudo-1.6.7p5-i486-1ok.tgz
Insert these rows into file /etc/sudoers
(eventually rename it):
utente ALL=(root) NOPASSWD:
/sbin/poweroff
utente ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot
Substitute
"utente" with the name of the user that you want that can
give halt or reboot and write on xterm:
sudo /sbin/poweroff
sudo
/sbin/reboot
-Configure server Proftpd
Enter into directory
/etc/ and modify file inetd.conf
Find 2 following rows and able
the second:
# File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server:
ftp
stream tcp nowait root
/usr/sbin/tcpd proftpd
Save and exit from this file and
enter into file /etc/proftpd.conf:
Able or insert the following
rows:
ServerName
"ProFTPD Default Installation"
ServerType
standalone
ServerType
inetd
DefaultServer
on
RootLogin
on (only if you want accept login like
user
root).
Save
file and reboot slackware.
-Install server vsftpd
Delete
server proftpd con:
removepkg proftpd
Install vsftp
con:
installpkg vsftp*.tgz
Go in /etc and configure file
vsftpd.conf
Add:
listen=YES
local_enable=YES
write_enable=YES
chroot_list_enable=YES
ascii_upload_enable=YES
ascii_download_enable=YES
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
Choice
after the wished options.
Create the directory empty:
mkdir
/usr/share/empty
touch /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
At the end
write:
vsftpd &
If you want the server ftp start at reboot,
insert the string in:
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
31b)UPDATED
FEDORA IN EASY WAY
Thanks to Gianni Giusti
(giannigiusti@tiscali.it).
I searched on Internet better web-sites
that contained packets of fedora
(also more weirds). Between them
I selected repository fastest. Afterward
I've installed the
program Synaptic that is a graphic interface to apt-get.
The
result: now I've a program of installation programs (Synaptic)
that
download also the machine for coffee :-) Other that
windows ... try it to
believe.
If you want to configure apt-get
and synaptic with the list of repository
that I'm using, you have
to go ahead in this way (long but easily).
1)download and install
the packet
apt:
http://ftp.freshrpms.net/pub/freshrpms/fedora/linux/1/apt/apt-0.5.15cnc3-0.1
fr.i386.rpm
2)Go
under /etc/apt/
3)Edit file sources.list and past the text below,
deleting what already
exist:
# List of available apt
repositories available from ayo.freshrpms.net.
# This file should
contain an uncommented default suitable for your system.
# See
http://ayo.freshrpms.net/ for a list of other repositories
and
mirrors.
# $Id: sources.list.i386,v 1.3 2003/11/26 10:07:55
dude Exp $
# Fedora Linux 1
rpm http://ayo.freshrpms.net
fedora/linux/1/i386 core updates freshrpms
#rpm
http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 tupdates
#rpm
http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 extras
alternatives
#rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386
core updates freshrpms
#rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net
fedora/linux/1/i386 tupdates
#rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net
fedora/linux/1/i386 extras alternatives
### Dag Apt Repository
for Red Hat Fedora Core 1 (rhfc1)
rpm http://apt.sw.be
redhat/fc1/en/i386 dag
#newrpms.sunsite.dk
rpm
http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/apt/ redhat/en/i386/fc1 newrpms
rpm-src
http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/apt/ redhat/en/i386/fc1 newrpms
rpm
http://rpm.livna.org/ fedora/1/i386 stable unstable testing
rpm-src
http://rpm.livna.org/ fedora/1/i386 stable unstable testing
rpm
http://dries.studentenweb.org apt/fedora/fc1/i386 dries
rpm-src
http://dries.studentenweb.org apt/fedora/fc1/i386 dries
4) Go
on terminal and stand on directory /tmp/
5) Exec the following
commands:
wget
http://dag.wieers.com/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY.dag.txt
wget
http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY
wget
http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/gpg-pubkey-newrpms.txt
wget
http://freshrpms.net/packages/builds/apt/RPM-GPG-KEY.freshrpms
6)
Execute the command (always under /tmp/):
rpm --import
RPM-GPG-KEY.dag.txt
rpm --import RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY
rpm --import
gpg-pubkey-newrpms.txt
rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY.freshrpms
7)
Now execute the command (always from terminal):
apt-get update
-- in this way will be downloaded the list of packets
available
and the dependences
8) Now write the command:
apt-get
install synaptic In this way we are installing program Synaptic
9)
Now go on first menu (red hat), go on menu "system tools"
and
start the application "Synaptic..."
10) The keys
that you see in front of you are:
"Update list" ->
Update the list available on-line of packets
downloaded
"Upgrade
system" -> update old packets
"Execute" ->
Install and uninstall the packets you have selected On
the
left
is present a panel where you can insert the packet to install.
The
program shows you the packet, and says if it is already
installed, the
version, the version present on-line, etc...
Now
you have only to select and decide (by keys on left), if install it
or
uninstall it, etc ...
32b)UTILITY FIREFOX AND
THUNDERBIRD
-Java on Firefox
Download java
for linux and unzip for ex. in:
/usr/local/
so you will
have the directory:
/usr/local/j2re1.4.2_05/
Install Firefox or
Mozilla for ex. in:
/usr/local/
so you will have the
directory:
/usr/local/Firefox/
Now copy the link in a file
inside the directory plugin of Firefox.
In my case I've done this
command:
ln -s
/usr/local/j2re1.4.2_05/plugin/i386/ns610-gcc32/libjavaplugin_oji.so
/usr/local/Firefox/plugins/
-Install
plugin macromedia flash and fonts on Firefox.
The installation has
been done on Slackware 9.1
Download the plugin of macromedia flash
from
here:
http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=Sh
ockwaveFlash
The
version is:
install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz
Unzip it with
(tar zxvf install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz)
We install fonts
urw.
Download file urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2 (or next version)
from web-site:
ftp://ftp.izmiran.rssi.ru/pub/fonts/urw/
Unzip
this file like that:
cp urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2
/usr/X11/lib/fonts/Type1/
cd /usr/X11/lib/fonts/Type1/
bunzip
urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2
tar xvf urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar
(over-write files that already exists)
fc-cache
We install
fonts TrueType from Windows.
cd /usr/X11/lib/fonts/TTF/
mkdir
msttf
Mount the partition of windows and we copy fonts on
linux.
cp -f /mnt/windows/fonts/ari*.ttf msttf/
fc-cache
msttf
We install also the fonts Times New Roman.
cp -f
/mnt/windows/fonts/times*.ttf msttf/
fc-cache msttf
Now we
enter into directory install_flash_player_6_linux just created
and
write:
/flashplayer-installer
Press 3 times Enter, digit
the directory of browser, for ex.
/usr/local/Firefox/
Lastly
press key y and after key n
The installation is over, close the
browser if opened and re-open it.
-Open Firefox from
Thunderbird
Go into directory Thunderbird of own home page (where
is file called
bookmarks.html), for ex:
/home/.thunderbird/Default
User/ue0y72hv.slt/
or
/home/.thunderbird/default.wbu/
Enter
into directory *efault* (it will be surely different from mine)
and
see if exist the file user.js, if doesn't exist create it and
insert the
following string at
start:
user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.http",
"/usr/local/Firefox/firefox");
Modify
it, second where is executable file Firefox. Close Thunderbird,
if
opened, re-open it, if now you click on link, Firefox will be
opened.
-Open link in differentes tab from Thunderbird in
Firefox? (Thanks to
Leone2000)
It's a problem, but after hours
of "googleggiamenti" I've prepared this:
Put in
~/.thunderbird/<profile-directory>/user.js (if doesn't exist,
create
it):
user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.http",
"/usr/local/bin/firefox-start");
user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.https",
"/usr/local/bin/firefox-start");
user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.ftp",
"/usr/local/bin/firefox-start");
Afterward
create in /usr/local/bin the script firefox-start that
contain:
#!/bin/bash
### the syntax -remote doesn't work if
Thunderbird is already opened!
###/usr/local/firefox/firefox
-remote
"OpenURL($1,new-tab)"
/usr/local/firefox/mozilla-xremote-client
OpenURL\($1,new-tab\)
if [ $? -gt 0 ];
then
/usr/local/firefox/firefox $1
fi
-Send email from
Firefox, opening mail-manager.
Create file user.js into
directory:
/yourhome/.mozilla/firefox/default..../
Insert
inside the
written:
user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.mailto",
"/usr/local/Thunderbird/thunderbird");
Salve
file, close the browser and the mail-administrator (in this
case
Thunderbird), re-open only Firefox and click on an email
link.
-Able Updates and upgrades for Firefox.
Edit -->
Preferences --> WebFeatures --> Click on written:
Allow web
sites to install the software and click on Allowed Sites.
Insert
these 2
links:
update.mozilla.org
http://www.mozilla.org
Click on
Allow.
Click on OK, after again on OK, File --> Quit.
Re-open
Firefox, if high on right of the browser there is a white
arrow
inside a red circle, click on it and install the official
patch of Firefox.
33b)USING TV WITH A ATI RADEON 7200
Thanks
to: Leonardo Lorenzetti aka Leone2000 (leone2000 (at)
inwind.it)
Preamble:
I've thought to write this post to help,
who like me, have a ATI Radeon 7200 and want use the exit TV on
Linux.
I've searched a lot on Internet and I've seen that is not
possible with ATI before series 9000 for many legal problems at
macrovision & c. Well, I tried and I've done it and now I explain
how
Start:
-Required
I'm using it on Slackware 9.1
with kernel and Xfree86 of default, therefore respectively 2.4.22 for
the kernel and 4.3.0 for Xfree86
-What we need.
Firstly
download drivers ati radeon of project gatos, I've downloaded
ati-4.3.0-14.i386.tar.gz but sincerely I believe that it's not
so necessary because drivers already present in Xfree86 4.3.0, for
me, should be correct,
however you find them
here:
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=12629
After
we need a program called atitvout you can download
here:
http://www.stud.uni-hamburg.de/users/lennart/projects/atitvout/atitvout-0.4.tar.gz
-Start
Be
sure that when X starts, it is configured with driver radeon. Da
console start atitivout auto pal
it's important that you do
it with wire connected on tv and that tv is opened. Done this you'll
see an error:
"VBE call failed.
Maybe this command is
not supported by your graphics adapter?
Did your parameters (if
you specified some) really make sense?
Please try all other
available commands before complaining!"
Don't consider it
!!
Now, you go on file of configuration /etc/X11/XF86Config and
into section Device, change the Driver from radeon to vesa and
furthermore add the following rows:
Option "TVOut"
"1"
Option "TVStandard" "PAL-B"
The
final result must be like this:
Section "Device"
Identifier
"Ati Radeon 7200"
Driver "vesa"
#Driver
"radeon"
Option "TVOut" "1"
Option
"TVStandard" "PAL-B"
VideoRam
65536
EndSection
-Ok, we've done
At this point you have
to reboot X with Ctrl+Alt+BS will do the magic . you will see
the output on monitor and on tv .. while I'm writing, I'm
watching a funny Gigi Proietti in "Febbre Da Cavallo"
ahahahhah!!!!
34b)CONFIGURE GNOME
-Configure gdm to
have Reboot and Halt:
From root open xterm and write:
gdmsetup
go
on Security
select show menu Action:
if you want other options
click also on 2 options below. Under General you can do also the
login automatically for a user, etc...
The configuration file of
gdm is in /etc/X11/gdm /gdm.conf the interested rows for shutdown and
reboot are:
RebootCommand=/sbin/shutdown -r now;/usr/sbin/shutdown
-r now
HaltCommand=/usr/bin/poweroff;/sbin/poweroff;/sbin/shutdown
-h now; /usr/sbin/shutdown -h now
-Reduce the icons and open
them only with one click of the mouse under gnome:
Desktop
Preferences, Management File, Preferences seen link icon.
-List
of opened windows on instruments crossbar:
Right key on bar, Add
panel, utility, windows lists.
35b)ICONS ON DESKTOP WITH
WINDOWMAKER
Thanks to Gianfranco Bertozzi member of ACROS
Lug
Versilia Lucca Massa-Carrara. email: gbertozzi@tiscali.it
A
problem of many users of windowmaker is that they can't put icons on
desktop (peripherals and programs) like happens
in KDE or in gnome. This little how-to resolve this missing.
Download
ad install filemanager rox
You can find it on:
http://rox.sourceforge.net
When you have installed it, in X, start
it from xterm (or another program) with the command:
rox
-p=Default
Will appear on desktop the icon Home. drag it on Dock
(the column where are the applications, for who doesn't know) and set
the options so it will appear at start of wmaker. Right click on icon
dock, after 'settings', click
on 'start when windowmaker is
started'. In this way, when wmaker will start, rox will appear under
shape of icon on desktop and with relative big square on dock.
Rox
hasn't own icon for dock, so you will have to create one that you
like.
I've put /usr/X11R6/include/X11/pixmaps/fileman.xpm
At
this point open the window Home clicking on relative icon, and put
the mouse within the window. Surfing between file, you can drag some
file (of peripherals, of application, of
date) on desktop and what will remain there. Rox supports the drag &
drop between more windows, the possibility to drag a file on icon of
relative
application and positioning icons on desktop (whose
beauty can be regulate on first menu, that is compare click in with
right button of mouse on window of filemanager, 'desktop', 'dimension
of the grid').
You can also create a waste basket (trash): you can
create a little batch with:
#move file in a directory without
delete them
mv $1 /path_per_mytrash/
or more
destructive:
#delete file without possibility to recover
rm
$1
and putting it on desktop. A icon for the trash
is:
/usr/X11R6/include/X11pixmaps/trash_empty.xpm
To automatize
the opening of default of some file, you have to click with right
bottom of mouse on icon, ope menu at voice 'Impost action' and insert
the command of shell (or the call to xterm with 'xterm -e
commandname') followed from "$1" that is the parameter of
the same file. If you click on
'Only for type.....' the
application will be called only for files with the same extension. If
instead we want apply it to all file of that type (for example 'text
of all types'), you will have to click on the option.
Note:
if you work with Dos or Win partitions, or files have bit executable
activated, won't be possible assign an application in this way. In
that case we have two possibilities: (a) from first menu (like
before) choice 'Options - Types' and click on bottom 'Ignore bit
executable for known extensions'. This works on many cases. (b) If
Rox didn't know the extension (for example: OpenOffice use extensions
"sx.." instead "sd.." like before,
and in my
Rox it doesn't know them), then you have to click on 'Show
rules
transferring from name to type', edit the
file:
/usr/local/share/Choices/MIME-info/gnome-vfs.mime
and
insert new extensions. If application already exists (search it
before insert it newly!) it's sufficient add new extensions, share
from one space.
This string add 'sxw' to 'sdw' of StarOffice
already present:
application/x-staroffice-words
ext: sdw sxw
Close all, reboot rox and you are ok !
Hint: read
help, the is good enough. Right click on a window, option
'Window
- shows help' or press F1 from inside Rox. The Manual.html' is what
you need.
36b)AUTOMATE ONE OR MORE PROCEDURES WITH
CRONTAB
crontab -e Edit file crontab or
creates new one if already doesn't exist
crontab -l
Shows file crontab
crontab -r Remove file
crontab
crontab -v Show last time crontab
has been edited
minutes hours day month year
(command to execute)
30
18 *
* *
ls -al
Between numbers leave only 1 space.
Crontab edited
for that user, will exec a command only for that user, to exception
of command root.
To edit the file is like you were inside editor
vi (see point 1c)
Example:
If at 21:15 of day January 19
2006 you want that linux exec a command:
15 21 19 12 2006 dir
For
major detailes write:
man crontab
37b)MOUNT PARTITION
NTFS IN READ/WRITE
Thanks to Gianni (nick Name KIO).
New
procedure regards distributions Fedora 5, Slackware 11, Suse 10.2,
Debian testing/sid, Mandriva 2007 and Gentoo (sabayon).
Old
procedure regards distributions such as Fedora, Slackware and Debian
etch.
- NEW PROCEDURE:
* On Fedora 5
Go on website
http://fuse.sourceforge.net, download the pkg
fuse-2.5.3.tar.gz
and I unzip it:
tar xvzf fuse-2.5.3.tar.gz
I install it:
cd
fuse-2.5.3
/configure && make && make
install
after go on
website
http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html
download
the pkg and I unzip it:
tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
Install
it:
cd /home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA
/configure &&
make && make install
mount the partition ntfs in
read/write
#mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
and
bingooooooooooooooo!
unmount it:
umount /mnt/win
And if I
didn't want install the sources but the rpm so it would be more easy
to remove them ?? What I have
to do ?
I download rpm of
ckechinstall searching it from
http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/
but I could use yum
rpm -ivh
checkinstall-1.6.0-3.fc3.rf.i386.rpm
after
I reenter inside 2
directories where I've downloaded both tar.gz and I give:
cd
/home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA
/configure && make &&
checkinstall
IMPORTANT:to mounting automatically at startup you
need insert in /etc/fstab
the following statement:
/dev/hda1
/mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0
and the partition is mounted in
read/write for all
Disadvantages complained: nobody- avoid use
in environment of production or
in partitions containing sensible
dates !
* PS1=On the guide by Moreno in which the problem is
reversed, from Windows
we write inside Ext3 linux partitions, the
guide is
here:
http://www.mandrakeitalia.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=191
*
PS2= A analogous guide for the distro slackware is available
here
http://www.slacky.it/wikislack/index.php
title=Scrivere_su_filesystem_NTFS
* PS3= Sure what the repos of
livna activated now is truly so easy add to
Fedora-6 the support
to NTFS using:
yum -y install ntfs-3g
and it does all itself,
after you can go on such as indicated above !
* On Slackware
11 and derived how we proceed ???
I follow my guide
http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/NTFS.html
the pkg fuse installed
is 2.5.3 , I've only to upgrade it - I go on
website
http://fuse.sourceforge.net
and I download new version
fuse-2.6.0.tar.gz:
tar xvzf fuse-2.6.0.tar.gz
cd
fuse-2.6.0
/configure && make &&
checkinstall
after:
upgradepkg fuse-2.6.0-i386-1.tgz
after
from website http://www.ntfs-3g.org/index.html I download the
last
version of drive ntfs-3g that I install it with method above
seen:
installpkg ntfs-3g-0.20061115-BETA-i386-1.tgz
after:
mount
-t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/win
but I've a rough error:
fuse:no
such device
while the module exists and is charged - what I have
to do ???
on google I don't find anything, then I return back
removing the pkg
ntfs-3g-0.20061115-BETA-i386-1.tgz
I search
the previous driver on internet, I found it
on
http://gentoo.netnitco.net/distfiles that is not more available
on
http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
usual
job:
tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
cd
ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA
/configure && make &&
checkinstall
installpkg ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA-i386-1.tgz
mount
-t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/win
and
bingooooooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IMPORTANT:mounting
automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab
the
following statement
#/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0
and
the partition is mounted in read/write for all
To unmount the
partition:
#umount /mnt/win
* On Suse 10.2?
I follow my
guide:
http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/NTFS.html
I install
checkinstall:
smart install checkinstall
I go on website
http://fuse.sourceforge.net and I download the pkg
fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz
I download it:
tar xvzf fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz
and I install it:
cd
fuse-2.6.1
/configure && make && checkinstall
rpm
-i fuse-2.6.1-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/fuse-2.6.1-1.i386.rpm
linux-suse:/home/kio/fuse-2.6.1
# modprobe fuse
after I go on
website
http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html
and I download the
pkg and I unzip it:
tar xvzf
ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA.tgz
I install it:
cd
/home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA
/configure && make &&
checkinstall
You will have this message:
Done. The new
package has been saved
to
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm
You
can install it in your system anytime using:
rpm -i
ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm
I
try to mount::
mkdir /mnt/win
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1
/mnt/win
/sbin/mount.ntfs-3g: error while loading shared
libraries: libntfs-3g.so.0:
cannot open shared object file: No
such file or directory
I restart computer, remount it but I have a
rough error:
fusermount: 'fuseblk' support missing; try the kernel
module from fuse-2.6.0
or later
Failed to create FUSE mount
point.
Retry to create FUSE mount point ...
fusermount:
'fuseblk' support missing; try the kernel module from fuse-2.6.0
or
later
Failed to create FUSE mount point.
umount
/dev/hda1
while the module exists and is charged, what I've to
do ??
see also:
http://forum.ntfs-3g.org/viewtopic.php?t=14
then
I return back and I remove the pkg ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA-i386-1.rpm
I
search a previous driver that works on internet I found it on
su
http://gentoo.netnitco.net/distfiles/ that is
ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
that is not more available
on
http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz
same
job, I restart::
mkdir /mnt/win
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1
/mnt/win and bingoooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!!!
IMPORTANT:mounting
automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab
the
following statemant
#/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0
and
the partition is mounted in read/write for all
To unmount the
partition:
#umount /mnt/win
* On Debian
testing/sid????????????????
on debian it's easy fuse is already
installed by fuse util
then:
apt-get install
ntfs-3g
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
IMPORTANT:mounting
automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab
the
following statemant
#/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0
and
the partition is mounted in read/write for all
To unmount the
partition:
#umount /mnt/win
* On Mandriva -2007 ?
rpm
-qa fuse
smart install fuse
smart install ntfs-3g
mkdir
/mnt/win
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
umount
/dev/hda1
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
modprobe
fuse
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
I restart but the
module is not charged then I add in
/etc/modprobe.preload
***********
# /etc/modprobe.preload:
kernel modules to load at boot time.
fuse
# This file should
contain the names of kernel modules that are
# to be loaded at
boot time, one per line. Comments begin with
# a `#', and
everything on the line after them are ignored.
# this file is for
module-init-tools (kernel 2.5 and above) ONLY
# for old kernel use
/etc/modules
*************
after I have seen /etc/fstab to
mounting automatically at boot of partition
for all
/dev/hda1
/mnt/win ntfs-3g umask=0,rw,users 0 0
and
bingooooooooooo!!!!!
* On Gentoo(sabayon) ??
I go on
website http://fuse.sourceforge.net and I download the
pkg
fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz and I unzip it:
tar xvzf
fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz
and I install it:
cd fuse-2.6.1
/configure
&& make && make install
after I go on
website
http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html
I
download the pkg and I unzip it:
tar xvzf
ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA.tgz I install it:
cd
/home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA
/configure && make &&
cmake install
even though later I saw that the driver ntfs3g, is
presents in portage (and
trying to install it I had an
error)
reboot
mkdir /mnt/win
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1
/mnt/win
IMPORTANT:mounting automatically at startup you need
to insert in /etc/fstab
the following statemant
#/dev/sda1
/mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0
and the partition is mounted in
read/write for all
To unmount the partition:
#umount
/mnt/win
- OLD PROCEDURE:
Thanks to Scrimieri about
packet-programs called ntfsprogs that give a series of instruments to
access on filesystem such as NTFS, I've mounted fast and easily on
Fedora the partition Windows Ntfs in read/write, using FUSE, a new
project to use filesystem in userspace, how ??
* On
Fedora:
I've been on
web-site:
http://www.linux-ntfs.org/content/view/19/37/
and
I've downloades and installed the
pkg:
ntfsprogs-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm
ntfsprogs-devel-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm
ntfsprogs-fuse-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm
ntfsprogs-gnomevfs-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm
Later
with yum, because a problem of dependences, I've
installed:
fuse-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm
fuse-libs-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm
at
that point
ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
and bingooooo! I've
created/deleted file inside filesystem ntfs of windows !!!!!!!!!!!
*
On Slackware?
with an old trick I used rpm over-indicated, but the
pkg more important is
not exportable on slacky, that
is:
fuse-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm Doesn't work !
MAKEDEV
FUSE :fails! Therefore what to do ?? I've been on
web-site
http://fuse.sourceforge.net/ and downloaded the
tar.gz
tar xvzf fuse-2.4.2.tar.gz
cd fuse-2.4.2
/configure
&& make && make install
I had already put
files pkg inside directory /home/kio/ntfs
therefore
cd
/home/kio/ntfs
rpm -ivh *.rpm --nodeps
and
bingooooooooo!
LATER
ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
and go!!!!
:
full mounted read/write!
I believe that this is the final
solution: easily, smart and sure !
TRY TO BELIEVE !
-if we
don't want use rpm we can convert them in tgz with tool rpm2tgz!
And
on debian etch? Go ahead such as in Slackware!
38b)INSTALL
SLAX ON HARD-DISK AND ON USB STICK
Thanks to Antonio Mori
moore2@inwind.it to having written the first side
(INSTALL SLAX ON
HARD-DISK)
-INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK
Procedure to install
the distribution live based on slackware Slax.
http://www.slax.org
I
preface that this distro is difference from slackware because it
mounts new kernel 2.6.16 and new kde 3.5.3, moreover you can install
inside it many programs used in office, network, security that you
will find in side
modules in the official web-site. Install these
modules ie easily, one time downloaded them you have only to
click
above them and these will be installed alone.
This is the
procedure to install slax on hd.
1) insert cd of slax on computer
and reboot
2) Once time distro is started in live modality (start
also kde with startx) open a shell
3) From shell digit cfdisk (
partitioning tool)
4) Create a partition of 200 mb ( like minimum
) or of 1 gb and beyond like maximum ( better solution ).
5) I
preface that the swap is optional but if you create it, it's
better.
6) Once created two partitions, one for root and the other
for swap, partitioning them with the following commands from
shell:
mkfs.ext2/dev/hdx for root
( hdx is the name of partition )
mkfswap /dev/hdx2 for
swap ( hdx is the name of partition )
7)download the
script to install it on hd from
here
http://www.slax.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13296
Copy the
script into root and start with ./namescript (I've called it
slaxinstall)
9)Once time started, it will ask you the name of your
partition where you will want to install it ex. mnt/hda1 etc.
10)At
this point the distro will be installed on your hd at the end of the
process digit liloconf and in modality expert install lilo where you
want on mbr or on a floppy.
Enjoy a lot, I sure you that it is a
light and stable with all essential.
- INSTALL SLAX ON USB
STICK
You have to work like user root
Insert the usb stick and
choising the correct device write:
cfdisk /dev/sda (choice
Bootable, Tye --> 0B W95 FAT32) , write the modifies and exit
pull
out the stick and insert it again (from now and after /dev/sda will
be hd1 that is our usb stick)
mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1
pull out the
usb stick and insert it again
mkdir /mnt/usb
mount -t vfat
/dev/sda1 /mnt/usb/
Download iso version 6.0.7 (last version
available in this moment) of slax from
web-site:
http://www.slax.org
mkdir /slax
mount -o loop
slax-6.0.7.iso /slax/ (if you have error, you need to anable
the loop on kernel or write modprobe loop and repeat the command)
cp
-fra /slax/* /mnt/usb/
This last version already has a script
to install the bootloader in Linux and in Windows:
cd
/mnt/usb/boot/
./bootinst.sh (or exec bootinst.bat on Windows)
cd
/ && umount /mnt/usb/ (unomunt the device usb so you
can use it immediately)
If you want use your preferred
bootlader such as lilo or grub (if you choice grub you can start also
other operating systems beyond Slax), that is it will have at least a
double function.
- If you want having LILO like boot
loader:
cp vmlinuz /mnt/usb/
cp initrd.gz /mnt/usb/
cd ..
mv
isolinux.cfg syslinux.cfg
Edit new file syslinux.cft and delete
"boot/" near at initrd.gz and vmlinuz, don't delete
the other boot/ present
Save and exit from file syslinux.cfg
cd
/
umount /mnt/usb
syslinux -s /dev/sda1
Reboot the usb stick
and set the bios, so you will can boot from this.
- If you
want having GRUB inside the usb-stick (so you will start other
operating systems)
mkdir -p /mnt/usb/boot/grub
cp -f
/boot/grub/* /mnt/usb/boot/grub
grub
root (hd1,0)
setup
(hd1) will show different writtens
quit
File
device.map inside directory grub will have these rows, sda is the usb
stick:
(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0)
/dev/hda
(hd1) /dev/sda
File menu.lst inside
usb stick will have be composed from:
timeout
5
default 0
color light-blue/red
light-cyan/green
title Archlinux
root (hd1,1)
kernel
/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2
initrd /boot/initrd26.img
title
WinXP
map (hd0) (hd1)
map (hd1) (hd0)
root
(hd1,0)
rootnoverify (hd1,0)
makeactive
chainloader
+1
title SlaxUsb
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz
max_loop=255 init=linuxrc load_ramdisk=1
prompt_ramdisk=0
ramdisk_size=4444 root=/dev/ram0 rw
initrd=/boot/initrd.gz
Save
the file and unmount the usb stick:
cd /mnt
umount usb
Reboot
the usb stick and set the bios, so you will can boot from
this.
39b)DAMN SMALL LINUX ON USB STICK
Thanks
to Antonio Mori moore2@inwind.it :
The procedure of damn small
linux, a distro based on debian of 50 mb with many fundamental
programs that you find inside big distros.
This is the procedure
of installation in few steps, anyone can do it.
1) Copy iso
of damn small linux after having downloaded from official web-site on
a cdrom
2) Insert you usb stick in your pc, you need only a pen of
128 mb
3) Insert cd with the isd of damn small linux into computer
and start it on boot from cdrom
4) On desktop of damn small linux
click in a empty point with right bottom of mouse
5)
Apps>>Tools>>Install to USB pen drive>>For USB-HDD
Pendrive
at this point, it will be required the name device
stick, digit sda at the second question type of card etc... Leave
empty and pass beyond with Enter
At required of keyboard digit it
and voil?the procedure is done after some minutes, you'll have the
damn small linux on usb stick.
Easy no ???
Try tro believe,
it's more difficult to explain that do it.
To start it from usb
stick, you need only to boot from your computer is set on
pen-hdd
40b)PARTITIONING'S CONCEPT OF HARD-DISK WITH
REFEREMENT TO GNU LINUX
Thanks to author Stefano Pardini
http://www.viareggiolinux.org
Linux User Group: ACROS
http://www.lug-acros.org
Preface:
This guide is firstly
dedicated to users that arrive from Windows's world and has been
written to user can understand the concept of partitioning of
hard-disk. This guide has been written to pure informative purpose,
the operations written are only examples and they must be considered
like them, so they don't have to be applied in reality ! The
partitioning is an operation much delicate, in case of necessity ask
to an expert. In any case the author will can be consider responsable
for the practice application and/or professional of examples below
written.
What are partitions and because partitioning an
hard-disk:
The space available on hard-disk can be shared in
partitions which one function how if it was one hard-disk. The
partitions can be considered like the portions of a hard-disk
independent between them and each provided of own file system. The
partitioning can be exec for different purposes (for ex you could
create a partition destined only to dates), in our case we'll analyze
the creation of space on hard-disk so we will can install Gnu/Linux.
Proceed with order and wee how it's possible share in partitions and
how many we can create. One hard-disk contains a table of partitions
with 4 voices. Each voice of table can be a primary partition or an
extended partition, whose, nevertheless, can exist of them only one.
An hard-disk can contain until 4 primary partitions or 3 primary
partitions and 1 extended. The difference between primary partitions
and extended is that the firsts can contain an operating system while
the seconds, no. The limit of 4 partitions on hard-disk was passed
time ago with the creation of extended partitions that can be
destined to other shares of available space in drive (volumes)
logics. These shares later must be identified. DOS for example, use
identification with letters of alphabet. The limit of this method is
that letters are only 26 (whose first 2, "a" and "b"
are
reserved to floppy). On scsi disks an extended partition can be fill
until to 15 logic partitions, into hard-disk (e)ide can exist until
63. A particular of Linux is that can be installed on a primary
partition and/or on logic
partition. Linux identify in a different
way the other logics volumes created inside a extended
partition.
What is MBR, dimensions, sectors, tracks, cylinders
and cylinders's unity First to proceed it's opportune a minimum hint
on master boot record and on physical structure of a hard-disk. The
informations about partitioning of a hard-disk are on first sector,
that is the first sector of first track of first surface of
hard-disk. This sector is called master boot sector (MBR) and it's
the sector that BIOS of mother board reads and starts when the
computer is opened. The master boot record contains a little program
that read that table of partitions, controls which partition is
active (that is which is marked as startable) and reads the first
sector of that partition, that is the boot sector (sector of start).
The boot sector contains a little program that read the first side of
operating system contained in that partition (always that is
startable) and starts it. The dimensions of partitions are marked in
unity of cylinders. Every partition has a cylinder at begin and a
final cylinder, that determine the dimension. When you create a
partition, you need to know only the cylinder at start. To do an
example and to clear the structure of a hard-disk, I show you the
output of fdisk done on hdd on my notebook (fdisk is a program to
partition the hard-disk much diffused and known):
Disk /dev/hda:
40.0 GB, 40007761920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4864
cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device
Boot Start End
Blocks Id
System
/dev/hda1 *
1 1516 12177238+
7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/hda2
1517 4864 26892810
f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/hda5
1517 1909 3156741
7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/hda6
1910 1978 554211
82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda7
1979 3000 8209183+ 83
Linux
/dev/hda8
3001 3891 7156926
83 Linux
/dev/hda9
3892 4864 7815591
83 Linux
You can see my hard-disk is a hdd
of 40.0 GB, has 255 heads, 63 sectors/tracks, 4864 cylinders. The
dimension calculated in unity of cylinders is of 16065 * 512 =
8225280 bytes. The first partition of disk starts at first cylinder
and finish at cylinder 1516 and it's primary partition on that is
installed a file system NTFS, the second partition is an extended
partition that start al cylinder 1517 and finish at cylinder 4864.
Inside the extended partition there are logics volumes, clearly
identifiable. As you can see the logic volumes have different file
system, second their destination. It's clearly visible that first
logic volume starts at cylinder 1517 and finish at cylinder 1909 and
also here it's has been installed a file system NTFS. The following
volumes are assigned to
Linux.
Ho create the space for
Linux and the choice of file system We will analyze the case of
creation of space on hard-disk in a computer with only one hard-disk
and a single primary partition where is the operating system Windows.
When you want install Linux on a hard-disk where already exists an
operating system (the common case is Windows), will be necessary
reduce the actual partition to create a new one in the future. This
operation is much mild, it's advice having a backup of own dates
before to proceed, so you will can restore in case something wrong
will happen (for ex. partitions broken). There are many programs to
reduce, create and remove partitions, if you are not expert, I advice
to use a program user friendly that has an help-guide well realized
and incomprehension. The choice is not easy and the advice is that to
read up well with the help of Internet first to decide what is the
better solution. If you prefer, you can use a commercial program.
Some Linux distributions have own partitioning-tool with graphic, and
is a good idea using that is given from the system, in case this does
something of special that other programs don't do. They have other
using-guides, but can be result difficult for users that begin now.
Often these software, try to create without problem the needed
partitions at installation, in case they don't find space "not
assigned". Having free space means to reduce that exists,
leaving the space "not assigned". Now we do an example the
clear better this concept.
We suppose having a hdd of 80 GB whose
are busy 10 (attention I've written "busy" and I've not
written "not assigned"). The other 70GB will can be quietly
used to continue to work with actual operating system as much as to
install a new operating system, this because Linux can survive
without problems with Windows. Continuing work with Windows will be
necessary leave it some space for installation of other programs and
for own dates. We suppose hence to reduce (with a partitioning
program) our partition from 80GB to 40GB leaving 40GB of space "not
assigned". With this operation will have two things:
1)We
will have 40GB of space not assigned to create new partitions for
Linux
2)We will leave to Windows 40GB of space whose 10GB are
already busy and 30GB are free to used them to work without
problems.
At this point you could already proceed with
installation of our distribution Linux (for example, Mandriva, Suse,
Ubuntu). If we want start the tool of partitioning of one of these
partitions automatically, we can
consider our work over, because
this tools try to create automatically the partitions when they find
space "not assigned" on disk, such as we told before. In
case we want to partition manually, we will proceed to determinate
the choices of partitioning second our needs and preferences. Who
want to delve the argument of manually choice it's important read the
following chapter on choice of file system and on representation
of
partitions in Linux. After that, we will see how create into
space "not assigned" of 40GB an extended partition that
will contain in its turn three logic partitions for installation of
Linux, whose one partition of swap, one
root and one home for all
users and their dates.
Devices and file system seen from
GNU/Linux:
Representation of partitions in GNU/Linux
About
hard-disk (e)ide, the readers cdrom-dvd and burners, they are
represented like that:
Primary Master: /dev/hda
Primary Slave:
/dev/hdb
Secondary Master: /dev/hdc
Secondary Slave:
/dev/hdd
Floppy Disk is represented such as: /dev/fd0
Disks
SCSI: /dev/sdx ('x'=letter from a to p, for example /dev/sda)
Also
disks Sata are identified with: /dev/sdx.
If you have a hard-disk
type (e)ide will be /dev/hda and the first primary partition will
represented such as /dev/hda1, for the other partitions will have
values from 1 to 4, while if the partition is logic will be used
values
from 5. If you have a hard-disk ype Sata will be /dev/sda
and the first primary partition will be represented such as
/dev/sda1, for the other partitions will be used values from 1 to 4,
while if the partition is logic
will be used values from 5.
Types
of file system
Now a brief description of file systems more famous
and used:
FAT and NTFS
The file system fat and ntfs belong to
systems Microsoft and are used for installation of their operating
systems.
EXT2
Ext2 was born at start of Linux and comes
from Extended File System. This file system has been implemented on
April 1992 and integrated in Linux 0.96c. Later the Extended File
System has been modified more times and such as Ext3 has been for
years more named file system of Linux. With arrive of journaling File
system and the quickly which they exec a rescue, Ext2 lost its
importance. Despite today some prefer work with this file system for
its incredible stability;
Ext3
Ext3 has been developed from
Stephen Tweedie and it is based instead on Ext2. Both file system are
almost equals between them. Their first difference is that Ext3
supports the journaling. Ext3 offers an easy upgrade
and extremely
reliable from Ext2. The other advantages are reliables and
performances. Based on solid base of Ext2, Ext3 has become during the
time a file system acclaimed. The reliable and the stability are
conjugated
with the advantages of a journaling file
system;
ReiserFS
ReiserFS was born from Hans Reiser and
from equipe of developers Namesys, it is a valid alternative to
Ext2.
Its major point of strong are better manage of memory of
hard-disk, better accessibility to hard-disk and fast rescue after a
crash of the system. In Reiserfs dates come organized in a
tree-structure. The tree-structure
contributes to use better the
memory of hard-disk, in fact little files can be memorized on the
same bloc, instead to be memorized somewhere else and to have to
manage the punter on the effective localization. Because Reiserfs
supports the journaling in case of crash of the system, the use of
journal reduces times of verifying also in case of big file system in
few seconds;
JFS
JFS, the Journaling File System, has been
developed from IBM for AIX. In the summer of 2000 went out the first
beta version of JF for Linux. The version 1.0 has been released on
2001. JFS has been used in server
environment with an high quickly
of transferring of dates (throughput). Been a file system at 64 bit,
JFS supports big files and partitions (LFS that is Large File
Support), feature that qualify it for server environment;
XFS
XFS
was born at start of years '90 like journaling file system at 64 bit
to high performances, it is comparable at modern journaling file
systems. XFS is used for file of a certain dimension and has good
performances on
hardware high-end.
Appendix
Journaling
The
journaling is a technology used from many modern file system to
preserve the integrity of dates from falls of electric-tension.
Journaling is a technology that becomes from database-world. I advice
you to delve for your knowledge the concept of journaling, you will
fine on Internet different sources on this matter. Try with a
search-engine on Internet.
Manual partitioning of
hard-disk
Told this we return on our hard-disk and we see how we
can create manually the partitions needed to install a system Linux
on our hard-disk. We told that reducing our primary partition from 80
GB to 40 GB, we will have 40 GB of space "not assigned" to
create in it the partitions. That is, if you remember well, at start
I've written that Linux can be installed also in a logic partition,
the first thing to do will be to create an extended partition, that
inside it will contain later the logic partitions. Once time created
the extended partition we will create inside it three logic
partitions, a partition of swap (the swap is used from kernel to
broaden the available memory and not to memorize some files), a root
partition and at the end a home for all users and dates. We say that
in 40 GB, a good choice could be to act in this way:
1) reserver
to swap, the double of dimensions of you ram;
2) create a root
partition of 10 GB;
3) dedicate the rest of space to home for
users and for dates;
The choice of number and type of
partitions, as well as of their dimensions, depend from many factors
and often from own personal tastes. If you have chosen a software for
Windows to reorganize-create you partitions for Linux, you reduce the
primary partition of your hard-disk, later create the extended
partition and the logic partitions, at the end reboot so the modifies
will be effectives and after proceed with the installation of
your
new operating system GNU/Linux. During installation you will
have to indicate to Linux to use the partitions that you had created
previously. If instead you want manually partitioning with a
partitioning-tool of you
distribution that you have chosen to try,
read well the relative documentation. The manually partitioning would
assume a certain knowledge of different types of file system and
their methods of creation, as well as of
mounting of file system,
to start without know what you are doing is warmly not advised, if
you have not the bases to exec quietly these operations, it's better
leave to do all in automatic, limiting itself to
free some space
"not assigned". In alternative you can contact a Linux User
Group to ask help, surely you
will find someone available to give
you a hand and useful advices.
Appendix
Advices save-dates
for all new users and not .....
If you want try Linux in all
quietly remember that you can always do it, rebooting your computer
with a LiveCD, if you want install Linux on your computer, entrust
yourselves to an expert and don't proceed without before
having
done a backup of your dates !
Enjoy with
GNU/Linux...
41b)IMPROVE FONTS OF GNOME ON UBUNTU
Who
has a monitor LCD, I've found a tutorial on how improve the read of
fonts of Gnome on Ubuntu, I summarize it here (open a shell and write
sudo -i followed from you password):
1) Insert into file
sources.list the following repository:
deb
http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu edgy fonts
deb-src
http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu edgy fonts
2) certify them
with:
gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-key D0AFFF5E937215FF
gpg
-a --export D0AFFF5E937215FF | sudo apt-key add -
3) write
"apt-get update"
4) download the packets libcairo2 e
libxft2
5) give a good:
sudo "dpkg-reconfigure
fontconfig-config"
and answer like that to the questions:
1)
Native;
2) Always;
3) No
if you haven't fontconfig-config
download it with:
apt-get install fontconfig-config
6) At the
end on our Home create the following file like that:
gedit
~/.fonts.conf
Attention that contain these following
strings:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE
fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
<match
target="font" >
<edit mode="assign"
name="rgba" >
<const>rgb</const>
</edit>
</match>
<match
target="font" >
<edit mode="assign"
name="hinting" >
<bool>true</bool>
</edit>
</match>
<match
target="font" >
<edit mode="assign"
name="hintstyle"
>
<const>hintfull</const>
</edit>
</match>
<match
target="font" >
<edit mode="assign"
name="antialias"
>
<bool>true</bool>
</edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
Reboot
GNOME and you will see better improvements.
42b)ADD OR
CONFIGURE A PRINTER
Distro usually have already installed cups, in
case do it (depend from you distro, in Archlinux you have to install
the packet: pacman -S cups and later insert the written cups in
/etc/rc.conf between demos to start at boot
of operating system.
You can also start it by hand, or insert the command into file
rc.local (it's like an autoexec for Linux), otherwise control what
you have to do because the distro are different like so the
configuration.
Once time install and started, you have to
configure the printer or directly from cups or using the tool
printers from Kde. Connect to internet and on browser write
http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or
http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting after click on
Printer Listings, select the brand and the model of your printer,
click later on download PPD and download the file in
/usr/share/cups/model/
Login as user root:
You have 2 methods
to configure the printer, using the browser with cups, or using the
tool of Kde.
1) From Cups
http://localhost:631/
Click on
Administration and Add Printer, on name insert the name of printer,
(es. hp610c), choice on Device (the port where is attached the
wire-printer), yet on continue, on (Or Provide a PPD File:) select
file
ppdf in /usr/share/cups/model/HP-DeskJet_610C-hpijs.ppd and
at the end
click on (Add Printer). Click on Printers and configure
manually the printer (print format, color o white and black, etc
....)
2) From Kde
Click on Settings, Printers, and after on
window "Configure", control that is selected the daemon of
print CUPS and at the end click on Add Printers, click on Next,
select for example "Local Printer", select the port
whose
is attached the printer, after on Next, click above on Other
and select the file .ppd that you have downloaded previously, after
on Next. At this point you can decide if configure already the
printer or later, click on Next and give the name to the printer and
click on End.
43b)CONFIGURE SOUNDCARD
By now all actual
distributions have drivers alas already installed, in case follows
the instructions.
To install drivers alsa (alsa-lib alsa-oss
alsa-utils alsaplayer alsa-plugins) under Archlinux we should write
the command:
pacman -S alsa-lib alsa-oss alsa-utils alsaplayer
alsa-plugins
If you use another distribution, you have to use the
correct command of installation, for example under Debian we should
use apt-get, under OpenSuse we should use yast, etc......
Now
hit the command:
alsamixer
and setting the levels of audio
output (press the key Esc to exit).
Save the settings writing the
command:
alsactl store
If values have not been saved after
reboot, restart alsamixer and setting the values, save newly with the
command "alsactl store" and insert this last command in
file rc.local. Reboot linux, now should be all
ok.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++PROGRAMS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1c)VI
AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES
VI
vi filename = to create
or open (if already exist) a file
Press in sequence the keys to
make these operations:
key (i) to start to write and hence enter
in text-modality.
key esc : w key Enter to save the file
key
esc : w (file name) to save the file with name chosen
key esc : q
key Enter to exit from vi
key esc : q! to exit without
save
-Search a word o row in a file:
Press
Esc:/word_to_search
To search the same word press the letter n on
keyboard.
-Copy an entire row:
Press Esc, go on the row and
write 2 times y, place yourself where you want to past the text
selected and press key p
-Copy 2 or more rows
Press Esc, place
yourself on the row and write y1, place yourself where you want past
the text selected and press key p
If the rows are 3 write y2, if
the rows are 4 press y3 etc .....
-Copy the first word of a row
near the cursor
Press Esc, place yourself on the row and write yw,
place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key
p
-Copy the first 3 words in a row near the cursor
Press Esc,
place yourselft on the row and write y2w, place yourself where you
want pass the text selected and press key p
-Move to a specific
row, for example the 5ﾰ
Press Esc:5 Enter
or
Press Esc5 Enter
-Delete the current row
Press Esc
dd
-Cut the current row and past it
Press Esc dd placeyourself
where you want past the text selected and press
key p
-Delete
next 4 rows
Press Esc d3
-Cut next 3 rows and past them
Press
Esc d3 place yourself where you want past the text selected and
press
key p
-Delete the current word
Press Esc dw
-Cut
the current word and past it
Press Esc dw place yourself where you
want past the text selected and press
key p
-Deleted next 3
words
Press d3w
-Cut next 3 words and past them
Press Esc d3
place yourself where you want past the text selected and press
key
p
-Substitute a word with another word (windows with linux)
Press
Esc:%s/windows/linux
or
Press
Esc:%s/windows/linux/gc
% searc in all document
s is the
command of substitution
g says to search every occurrence of the
expression to replace
c asks confirm before of substitution
-How
insert the braces {} ?
Use the keys AltGr-7 and AltGr-0
(zero)
EMACS
-To save the file modified
press CTRL+x+CTRL+s
-To save the file modified with another name
press CTRL+x+CTRL+w <file name>
-To exit from file press
CTRL+x+CTRL+c
-How move the cursor
Press keys with the arrows
on keyboard or
ctrl f moves the cursor ahead
ctrl b moves the
cursor back
ctrl n moves the cursor to next line
ctrl p moves
the cursor to previous line
-Other commands
ctrl k delete
the line where is the cursor
ctrl y permit to return back to the
previous operations
ctrl g stop what are you doing
ctrl j moves
toward below the text beneath after the cursor
ctrl s permit to
search of the text (write below the word to search)
Esc info
Esc
x (press later 2 times the bar on keyboard)
-How insert the
braces {} ?
Use keys AltGr-7 e AltGr-0 (zero)
2c)FAX
WITH EFAX
To send and receive fax you can use efax, you can find
it in all distro, or download it from Internet, in this moment the
version is: efax-0.9.tar.gz
Unzip the file and write:
make
make
install
You need only to modify the script /etc/fax.conf or
/usr/bin/fax going to modify these rows.
DEV=modem or ttyS1 or
cua0 (I have the modem on com1)
FROM=123456789 (write the number
of telephone)
NAME=Panther (name
sender)
PAGE=a4
PRTYPE=ps
PRCMD=lpr (or lp0, the command
with which usually you print)
DIALPREFIX=T (T to tones, P to
impulses)
TELCVT='sed -e s/+39// -e s/+/00/' (insert this
row)
INIT="-iZ -i&FX3E&D2S7=120 -i&C0"
Save
the file and reboot the computer.
Now it's possible send and
receive fax
Send a fax:
fax send n.telephone filetosend (to
send an attachment)
Ex: fax send 061234567
/root/prova.txt
Receive a fax:
efax -d /dev/ttyS1 -w -is0=1
2>&1 >>fax.log (to receive fax)
[ /dev/ttyS1 is com1
and 1 is the number of rings before of the receive
(will be
created file 001 002 into the same directory)]
To show a
fax:
Use OpenOffice to show the files *.001 *.002
fax view (to
show the fax sent)
Graphic program to manage efax.
On
Slackware 9.1 install the following packets, you need only to go on
http://www.linuxpackages.net/ and on search insert for ex.(gtkmm,
libgtkg,
libsigc)
efax-gtk-2.2.6-i686-1.tgz
gtkmm-2.2.8-i686-1.tgz
libgtkglextmm-1.0.1-i686-1bux.tgz
libsigcplusplus-1.2.5-i686-1bux.tgz
Launch
the program executing:
efax-gtk
3c)CREATE AND BURN CD
AND DVD
CD
With kernel 2.4 doing cdrecord -scanbus, my cdrom (scd0) is
0,0,0 and my burner ((scd1)) is 0,1,0
With kernel 2.6 doing
cdrecord -scanbus, my cdrom (sr0) is 0,0,0 and my burner (sr1) is
1,0,0
Ahead some examples are with kernel 2.4. If you are a
generic user and you want to have adapted permissions, write:
chmod
u+s /usr/bin/cdrecord
If you want burner a certain speedly you
need only to insert near cdrecord the following line:
-speed=4
if you want to burn at 4x
If doesn't
work:
-speed=4
use
--speed=4
Doesn't inserting this
string, you will burn at max fastly possible.
-Get traces
audio from cd to put them in a directory. Insert cd and move inside
/mnt/cdrom and give:
cdda2wav -D0,0,0 -t 1 -B -x
(eventually
change the number 1 with number of trace from which we desire get the
file .wav)
or
cdparanoia -B
-Burn
audio traces.
You can burn almost 780-790 mega of files .wav with
a cd from 700 mega.
kernel 2.4
cdrecord -v -dev=0,1,0 -overburn
-eject -audio audio*.wav
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -v -dev=1,0,0
-overburn -eject -audio audio*.wav
or
cdrecord -v -dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn
-eject -audio audio*.wav
-Create an image ISO
mkisofs -v -D
-J -R -T -o image.iso /directory with files you want to burn.
It's
possible to control the file image.iso if has been created correctly,
writing:
mkdir /mnt/prova
mount -t iso9660 -o
ro,loop=/dev/loop0 image.iso /mnt/prova
umount /mnt/prova
-Burn
image ISO
kernel 2.4
cdrecord -v dev=0,1,0 -overburn -eject
-data image.iso
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -overburn
-eject -data image.iso
or
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1
-overburn -eject -data image.iso
-Cd
bootable we will create iso of OpenBsd and we'll burn it.
The
important thing is select file of start the usually would be into
floppy, in our case is floppy39.fs, therefore with this method we can
download full distributions linux downloading also the image of
floppy with which the cd will auto-boot.
(we assume that files
have been downloaded from http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/i386/
and that they are into directory /scarico/openbsd/, move already
inside in this directory directory)
mkhybrid -b floppy39.fs -c
boot.catalog -l -J -L -r -o openbsd39.iso *
kernel 2.4
cdrecord
-v dev=0,1,0 -eject -data openbsd39.iso
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -v
dev=1,0,0 -eject -data openbsd39.iso
or
cdrecord -v
dev=/dev/sr1 -eject -data openbsd39.iso
-Burn
different times (remember to put always a subdirectory)
Create the
first session of a cd multi-session
mkisofs -R -r -J -D -l -T -v
-o /1/2/isoimage.raw /directorywherearefiles && cdrecord -v
dev=0,1,0 -multi /1/2/isoimage.raw
Create second session.
cdrecord
-msinfo dev=1,0 (you will get numbers like 0,11702 that is the
first trace from sector 0 to sector 11702)
mkisofs -o
isoimage_2.raw -R -C 0,11702 -M /dev/scd1 /directwherearefiles &&
cdrecord -v -speed=4 dev=1,0 -eject -multi isoimage_2.raw
For next
sessions you need only to change numbers that require the option -C
using option msinfo of cdrecord
-Clean a cd rewritable
kernel
2.4
cdrecord -eject dev=1,0 blank=fast ( I've the burner 0,1,0
)
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -eject dev=1,0,0 blank=fast ( I've the
burner 1,0,0 )
or
cdrecord -eject dev=/dev/sr1
blank=fast ( I've the burner 1,0,0 )
The
option fast is more fast while option all is more slow but
complete.
-Burn image ISO (for example a distribution in
size ISO)
kernel 2.4
cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -overburn -eject
mandriva.iso
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -overburn -eject
mandriva.iso
or
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn
-eject mandriva.iso
-Copy on the fly from
cd to cd (only dates)
kernel 2.4
cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -overburn
-eject -isosize /dev/scd0
kernel 2.6
cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0
-overburn -eject -isosize /dev/sr1
or
cdrecord -v
dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn -eject -isosize /dev/sr1
-Copy
on the fly from cd to cd (only audio) write all on the same line
kernel 2.4
cdrdao copy --driver generic-mmc --on-the-fly
--device 0,1,0 --eject --overburn --source-device 0,0,0
--source-driver generic-mmc --fast-toc --paranoia-mode 0
kernel
2.6
cdrdao copy --driver generic-mmc --on-the-fly --device 1,0,0
--eject --overburn -source-device 0,0,0 --source-driver
generic-mmc
--fast-toc --paranoia-mode 0
or
cdrdao copy --driver
generic-mmc --on-the-fly --device /dev/sr1 --eject --overburn
-source-device /dev/sr0 --source-driver
generic-mmc --fast-toc
--paranoia-mode 0
-Copy a distribution
Linux
mkisofs -a -l -J -R -T -v -b path/ImageStart
-c
path/FileCatalogue
path=<directory where you have copied
the files>/<directory file
start>
DVD
You need to install
dvd+rw-tools
Create an image ISO:
mkisofs -r -o /image.iso
/directory/
Write image ISO on dvd:
growisofs -Z
/dev/dvd=/image.iso
Add dates on the same dvd:
growisofs -M
/dev/dvd /tmp/myfile.1
Delete dvd:
dvd+rw-format -force
/dev/dvd
(fast)
dvd+rw-format -force=full /dev/dvd
(full)
Diplay the information about dvd:
dvd+rw-mediainfo
/dev/dvd
-Copy a dvd (text
way). NOT DEFINITIVE.
Download and install streamdvd and
streamanalyze from here:
http://www.badabum.de/streamdvd.html
Install
also the program dvdauthor and growisofs. Once time installed them go
in /usr/local/bin/ and copy 2 files in /usr/bin/
Insert the dvd
into reader dvd and write:
streamanalyze -i /dev/scd0 -t 1 -s -s
0xe0,0x80 mkdir /film
Put the audio and the subtitles in english
and italian.
dvdauthor -a en,it -s en,it -o /film -f 'streamdvd -i
/dev/scd0 -f 1.192 -t 1-s0xe0,0x80|'
dvdauthor -T -o /film
Insert
dvd to burn and write:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/scd1 -J
-dvd-video -V TitleFilm /film
-Ripping dvd
(Prefix n01:
ripping of dvd, that is to reverse audio and video of dvd on
one or more cd/file, can be a form of pirate if done to get money of
sell them; we don't want enter in merit "etic" of this
thing, do ripping only
of dvd you are owner and however, the copy
must be done on for personal purpose. My limit is only to say what is
possible to do, I don't want, with this, encourage some type of
pirate.
Prefix n02: I've not rip many dvd in my
life, hence
these informations could be not completeor not working for someone,
apologize me and eventually tell me (leone2000 at inwind.it) all the
modify that you have done to improve this document, thanks ! ;-))
The
ripping of dvd with mencoder (the other program of the suite of
mplayer) is an operation relatively easy and immediate but the
program has at disposition many options that, opportunely used, can
do the difference for your ripping; therefore first ripping a dvd I
advice to read, quietly, the manual (man mencoder) and to search all
possible documentation on Internet.
Can be useful this page gotten
from html in
line:
http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/it/encoding.html
We'll
create file movie.avi that is a file that contain all our film
(???Ronin???, regularly bought in France ;-) ) and it's compressed
with format DivX 4.
FASE 1: Extraction of trace audio
Also
with mencoder we can get the traces audio that we are interested
in:
the program create a file called obligatorily frameno.avi that
will contain only the trace audio eventually chosen by parameter -aid
(otherwise it taks first available)
mencoder dvd://1 -dvd-device
/dev/hdd -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi
-aid 128
mencoder dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -ovc frameno
-oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi -aid 128
(with kernel
2.6 recompiled).
(where -oac specify the driver audio to use
(lame), -o is the file of output).
At the end of this
operation we control what says mencoder with its output about at
bitrate to code
video to use:
Recommended video bitrate for
650MB CD: 650
Recommended video bitrate for 700MB CD:
710
Recommended video bitrate for 800MB CD: 831
Recommended
video bitrate for 2 x 650MB CD: 1431
Recommended video bitrate for
2 x 700MB CD: 1551
Recommended video bitrate for 2 x 800MB CD:
1791
We assume to do only 1 cd of 700MB therefore we will use
???710???.
MIDDLE FASE: pull out area of crop
In the major
side of film in 16/9 we have black bands above and below the image
(called area of crop), to save space on disk it's convenient to pull
out those bands therefore we find area of crop:
mplayer dvd://1
-vf cropdetect -dvd-device
/dev/hdd
or
mplayer dvd://1 -vf cropdetect -dvd-device /dev/sr0 (with
kernel 2.6 recompiled).
on console from which we have launched
this command, while slides the film, we will have of output continue
such as:
crop area: X: 0..718 Y: 76..502 (-vop
crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0%
crop area: X: 0..718 Y: 76..502
(-vop crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0%
crop area: X: 0..718 Y:
76..502 (-vop crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0%
From these rows we
deduce which is area of crop and at this point control again (almost)
what is correct taking the value ???crop=...??? from output whose
above:
mplayer --vf crop=718:426:0:76 dvd://1 -dvd-device
/dev/hdd
or
mplayer --vf crop=718:426:0:76 dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0
(with kernel 2.6 recompiled).
At this point we need to take the
dimensions of video and reorganize to maintain the proportions
(having intention to pull out the area of crop):
mplayer dvd://1
-dvd-device /dev/hdd
or
mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 (with kernel 2.6
recompiled).
In the output of this program (visible in console)
you can find a row such as this:
VIDEO: MPEG2 720x576 (aspect 3)
25.000 fps 9780.0 kbps (1222.5 kbyte/s)
720x576 is the size of our
image, from this we have to pull out the area of crop given from
format 16/9 therefore we multiply the resolution vertical for 16/9
therefore: 576 * 9 / 16 = 324 that will give our new resolution:
720
X 324.
At this point we can proceed to encode video that is will
be fast:
FASE 2 (vpass=1): the command (all on a row !) for
the first step will be:
mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device
/dev/hdd -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts
vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=710 -vop
scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o
movie.avi
or
mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -oac copy
-ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=710 -vop
scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi (with kernel
2.6 ricompiled).
#With alang you will decide the language of file
avi, you can add also -slang it,en (subtitles in Italian or
English).
FASE 3 (vpass=2): the command (all on one row!) for
the second step will be:
mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device
/dev/hdd -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts
vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=710 -vop
scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o
movie.avi
or
mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -oac copy
-ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=710 -vop
scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi (with kernel 2.6
ricompiled).
#With alang you will decide the language of file avi,
you can add also -slang it,en (subtitles in Italian or English). The
file created (movie.avi) will contain the dvd and audio, will be
possible see it again with Mplayer or it will can be burned also such
as videocd, at second that the program of burning permit it.
4c)FAX
WITH HYLAFAX
Download hylafax (in this moment the current version
is hylafax-4.1.7.tar.gz), such as root user unzip it and install
it:
tar zxvf hylafax-4.1.7.tar.gz
/configure && make &&
make install
All files will be copied
here:
/var/spool/hylafax/
Turn-on the modem.
Once installed
like root user start from xterm:
faxsetup and once completed,
launched:
faxaddmodem
Will be required some informations, you
will can change them later going to modify files that you find in
/var/spool/hylafax/etc, overall files config and config.ttySx
My
file config is composed like that:
LogFacility:
daemon
CountryCode: 039
AreaCode: 0583
LongDistancePrefix:
0
InternationalPrefix: 00
DialStringRules:
etc/dialrules
ServerTracing: 1
My file config.ttyS1 is
composed at least at start like that:
CountryCode: 039
AreaCode:
0583
FAXNumber: 12345678 # I've changed my number of
telephone.
LongDistancePrefix: 0
InternationalPrefix:
00
DialStringRules: etc/dialrules
ServerTracing:
1
SessionTracing: 11
RecvFileMode: 0600
LogFileMode:
0600
DeviceMode: 0600
RingsBeforeAnswer: 3
SpeakerVolume:
on
GettyArgs: "-h %l dx_%s"
LocalIdentifier:
"NothingSetup"
TagLineFont:
etc/lutRS18.pcf
TagLineFormat: "From %%l|%c|Page %%P of
%%T"
MaxRecvPages: 25
Perfect, now you have only to
write at the end of file /etc/inittab the following
string:
mo:35:respawn:/usr/local/sbin/faxgetty /dev/ttyS1 # I've
my modem on com2 and hence ttyS1
If you want able all clients
of your lan and send fax modify the
file:
/var/spool/hylafax/etc/hosts.hfaxd
writing how is
following:
localhost
192.168.1 #I have the computer with ip
192.168.1.1 and hence the lan of belonging will be how I've
written.
Now is possible send fax writing:
hylafax start &&
faxmodem ttyS1
You can insert this string at the end of file
/etc/rc.d/rc.local so, it will be sent at restart of
computer without doing write the row every time.
To send a fax
write:
sendfax -n -d telephonenumber file
If you want use a
graphic client on linux, download gnu.hylafax (works on java), or
pyla1.0.7.tgz
(works on python) or for computers with Windows
Operating System download Whfc or winflex.
About pyla, you need to
unzip it (tar zxvf pyla1.0.7.tgz) and to launch it, write:
python
/yourhome/pyla/pyla.py
5c)MANAGE
PACKETS ON DISTRIBUTIONS
-ARCHLINUX
File of sources:
/etc/pacman.conf
Update sources: pacman -Sy
Update the system:
pacman -Su
Update sources and system: pacman -Syu
Clean up all
packets in cache: pacman -Scc
pacman -A packet.tar.gz (install a
new packet)
pacman -U packet.tar.gz (update a packet)
pacman -R
packet (remove a packet)
pacman -Q (list packets installed)
pacman
-Q packet (controll if it's installed a packet)
pacman -Qi packet
(informations about a specified packet)
makepkg PKGBUILD &&
pacman -A file.pkg.tar.gz
-DEBIAN WITH .DEB
(thanks
to Leonardo Lorenzetti of Lug Acros).
File of sources:
/etc/apt/sources.list
Update sources: apt-get update
Update
packets: apt-get upgrade
or
apt-get dist-upgrade (more "powerful")
Install a
packet: apt-get install <name>
Remove a packet: apt-get
remove <name>
Search a packet: apt-cache search <what you
want> (after apt-get update)
See what is a packet: apt-cache
show <name>
Install dpkg -i nameofpacket.deb
Remove the
packet dpkg -r nameofpacket.deb
Purge dpkg -P
nameofpacket.deb
(Purge means remove file about the
packet.deb).
-SLACKWARE CON .TGZ
installpkg
file.tgz
(install packet.tgz)
removepkg file.tgz
(uninstall packet.tgz)
upgradepkg file.tgz
(upgrade packet.tgz)
makepkg file
(create a packet Slackware compatible)
rpm2tgz file.rpm
(create packet.tgz from a file.rpm)
rpm2targz file.rpm
(create packet .tar.gz from a file .rpm)
explodepkg
file
(extract the contained of packet inside current
directory)
pkgtool
is the program used by default on Slackware to manage the packets.
To
resolve the dependences is possible to install and use programs such
as swaret and slackpkg.
-REDHAT, FEDORA .RPM
Install rpm
-ivh nameofpacket.i386.rpm
Uninstall rpm -e nameofpacket
Update
rpm -Fvh nameofpacket.i386.rpm
-OPENSUSE
To
install/uninstall/update the software use yast or yast2
-MANDRIVA
To
install/uninstall/update the software use graphic program rpmdrake,
to uninstall it use rpmdrake-remove
From shell instead it's
possible use urpmi to install software, urpme to uninstall
software.
-VALID FOR ALL DISTRIBUTIONS LINUX
If you have a
packet .tar.gz and you want install it, the classic method is to
unzip it and install it (I remember to read always the file README or
INSTALL inside the directory just created after unzipping of
file).
tar zxvf file.tar.gz
(unzipping)
cd file
(enter inside directory)
/configure
make
make
install
(to install the packet)
make clean
(clean the directory from files temporary)
make uninstall
(to uninstall the packet)
6c)MANAGE LINUX WITH WEBMIN
This
has been done under Archlinux.
Install webmin, apache and openssl
like that:
pacman -S webmin
pacman -S apache
pacman -S
openssl
You have to launch 2 server:
cd /etc/rc.d
/httpd
start
/webmin start
Open a browser and enter on webmin with
root user writing:
https://localhost:10000/
You will find
in front of different possibilities which the manage of system, of
services, of net, of hardware, of groups with their users, of a
cluster, etc......
All the options will present some "sub-screens"
with many options, this because it's possible manage in detail all
the system.
Following the description of first voices:
* Under
the voice "Server" will be possible manage a server email,
mysql, apache, fetchmail, postgresql, samba, ssh, proxy, ftp,etc..
*
Under the voice "Hardware" will be possible manage a cd,
manage the printer, grub, partitioning hard-disk, manage the raid.
*
Under the voice "System" will be possible change the
passwords, make a backup of filesystem, manage the cron, manage files
of log and of users.
7c)BURN
MP3-->WAV-->MP3-->FILE AUDIO
-Convert from mp3 to
wav:
mpg123 file.mp3 -w newfile.wav
-Convert from wav to
mp3
(install the program lame http://lame.sourceforge.net/)
lame
-h -b 128 newfile.wav file.mp3
-Create an audio cd starting
from mp3:
Create a script:
#!/bin/sh
for I in
*.mp3
do
mpg123 --cdr - "$I" > "$I.cdr";
done
Give
it all permissions and exec it.
-Create an audio cd starting
from wav:
Create a script:
#!/bin/sh
for I in
*.mp3
do
mpg123 --cdr - "$I" | cdrecord -audio -pad
-nofi -
done
cdrecord -fix
Give it all permissions and exec
it.
8c)HOW USE THE BOARDS NVIDIA FOR 3D
Who has new
slackware file to modify is: /etc/X11/XF86Config
-Who has an old
distro.
Download from website http://www.nvidia.it o
http://www.nvidia.com 2 files that at this moment are
NVIDIA_kernel-1.0-2802.tar.gz and NVIDIA_GLX-1.0-2802.tar.gz and
write:
tar zxvf NVIDIA_kernel-1.0-2802.tar.gz
tar zxvf
NVIDIA_GLX-1.0-2802.tar.gz
Once time unzipped it, enter in both
directories and write:
make && make install
Enter in
file /etc/rc.d/rc.local and at the end of file write:
/sbin/modprobe
NVdriver
continue below ........
-Who has a distro
with kernel 2.4
Who is using distro like Mandriva download from
website http://www.nvidia.com file for linux (available in this
moment):
NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run
and install it from
text modality (Ctrl-Alt-F1 or F6):
ps ax
delete the pid with
the graphic (X:0, kdm, /usr/X11R6/bin/X ecc..)
chmod 770
NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run
sh
NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run
If you have an error delete
file /tmp/.X0-lock and try again.
Who has recompiled the kernel
have not selected the option Frame-buffer support inside Console
drivers.
continue below .........
-Who has a distro with
kernel 2.6
Who is using kernel 2.6 download from
website
http://www.sh.nu/download/nvidia/
file (available in
this moment):
NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg0.run
and install it
from text modality (Ctrl-Alt-F1 or F6):
ps ax
delete the
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