Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Cristiano Macaluso. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". GNU MANUALINUX 7.7 This (Manual) is free and is realized also with collaboration of others passionated (THANKS !!!). Manualinux Homepage: http://www.manualinux.com http://www.manualinux.it DO YOU WANT TO MODIFY OR INSERT OTHER ARTICLES ? WRITE ME ! EMAIL: cm@manualinux.com (Cristiano Macaluso). NEWS OF THE VERSION 7.7 45b)PDFUNITE HOW UNITE MORE PDF FILES MENU' a)COMMANDS b)UTILITY c)PROGRAMS d)KERNEL e)NETWORKING f)OTHER GNU Free Documentation License DO YOU WANT ADD / MODIFY OTHER ARGUMENTS ??? WRITE ME !!! COMMANDS 1a)COMMON COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX 2a)DIFFERENT COMMANDS 3a)OCCUPATION DISK 4a)PROCESSES 5a)RAM 6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS 7a)MANIPULATE ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD 8a)CHANGE THE PROPERTY OF A FILE 9a)CREATE AND ADD GROUPS AND USERS 10a)FORMAT A FLOPPY 11a)HOW CONTROL THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS 12a)INSTALLED HARDWARE UTILITY 1b)GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT 2b)FILE SEARCH 3b)ARCHIVE AND COMPRESS FILES 4b)MOUNT A FLOPPY 5b)MOUNT A CDROM 6b)MOUNT A WINDOWS PARTITION 7b)MOUNT A LINUX PARTITION 8b)DUPLICATE A FLOPPY 9b)INSTALL PROGRAMS 10b)SCANDISK ON LINUX 11b)FILES MANAGER 12b)PASSWORD ON LILO 13b)OPEN MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME CONTEMPORANEOUSLY 14b)PRINT 15b)RESCUE FLOPPY 16b)DELETE BOOTMANAGER ON MBR 17b)DISABLE OR ABLE THE CLASSIC SOUND BIP 18b)DISABLE CTRL-ALT-CANC FROM CONSOLE OR REMOTE 19b)START THE GRAPHIC WITHOUT INSERT LOGIN AND PASSWORD 20b)ENABLE THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or XFree 21b)COPY PARTITIONS FROM HARD-DISK A TO HARD-DISK B 22b)START KDE OR GNOME INSIDE XTERM USING XNEST 23b)SETTING SINGLE KEYS OF KEYBOARD 24b)CREATE OR RECREATE DEVICES IN /DEV 25b)TURNOFF THE PC AUTOMATICALLY 26b)ITALIAN KEYBOARD UNDER SLACKWARE 27b)GRUB ON HARD-DISK IDE AND SCSI 28b)GRUB ON FLOPPY OF BOOT OR USB STICK 29b)USE .OGG VORBIS 30b)FIRST STEPS WITH SLACKWARE 31b)UPDATED FEDORA IN EASY WAY 32b)UTILITY FIREFOX AND THUNDERBIRD 33b)USING TV WITH A ATI RADEON 7200 34b)CONFIGURE GNOME 35b)ICONS ON DESKTOP WITH WINDOWMAKER 36b)AUTOMATE ONE OR MORE PROCEDURES WITH CRONTAB 37b)MOUNT PARTITION NTFS IN READ/WRITE 38b)INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK AND ON USB STICK 39b)DAMN SMALL LINUX ON USB STICK 40b)PARTITIONING'S CONCEPT OF HARD-DISK WITH REFEREMENT TO GNU LINUX 41b)IMPROVE FONTS OF GNOME ON UBUNTU 42b)ADD OR CONFIGURE A PRINTER 43b)CONFIGURE SOUNDCARD 44b)CONVERT FILE FROM MP4 TO MP3 45b)PDFUNITE HOW UNITE MORE PDF FILES PROGRAMS 1c)VI AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES 2c)FAX WITH EFAX 3c)CREATE AND BURN CD AND DVD 4c)FAX WITH HYLAFAX 5c)MANAGE PACKETS ON DISTRIBUTIONS 6c)MANAGE LINUX WITH WEBMIN 7c)BURN MP3-->WAV-->MP3-->FILE AUDIO 8c)HOW USE THE BOARDS NVIDIA FOR 3D 9c)HOW INSTALL MULINUX 10c)CLUSTER LINUX WITH OPENMOSIX 11c)MINI WEBSERVER: BOA (ONLY 118K) 12c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE ACROBAT INSIDE FIREFOX 13c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE POSTGRESQL 14c)WATCH TV ON LINUX 15c)GUARDDOG HOW INSTALL IT, CONFIGURE IT AND USE IT 16c)CREATE A PROXY SERVER WITH SQUID 17c)PARTED DELETE CREATE AND REORGANIZE PARTITIONS 18c)INSTALL WINE 19c)DRUPAL 20c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHPBB 21c)INSTALL AND USE XTRACEROUTE 22c)READ NEWSGROUP WITH SLRN AND SLRNPULL 23c)VIDEO EFFECTS WITH WEBCAM 24c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE MYSQL 25c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHP-NUKE 26c)MANAGE THE CELLPHONE NOKIA WITH GNOKII ON LINUX 27c)MTOOLS 28c)DATABASE WITH OPENOFFICE 29c)MPLAYER AND MENCODER RIP DVD 30c)FROM DIVX TO DVD 31c)ENABLE JAVA ON FIREFOX OR MOZILLA 32c)EMAILS WITH PINE 33c)SWARET INSTALL UPGRADE UNINSTALL PACKETS ON SLACKWARE 34c)GPG 35c)SQLITE 36c)P2P with aMule 37c)GTKAM AND DIGITAL CAMERA 38c)CONNECT LINUX WITH BLUETOOTH AND CELLPHONE 39c)EMAIL WITH MUTT FETCHMAIL AND POSTFIX 40c)NETGEAR MA111 USB STICK WIRELESS ADAPTER ON SLACKWARE 41c)VIDEO SURVEILLANCE WITH MOTION AND LINUX 42c)ANTIVIRUS GNU 43c)INSTALL INTERNET EXPLORER ON UBUNTU 44c)WORDPRESS FOR DUMMIES 45c)KOMPOZER 46c)LINUX MALWARE DETECT KERNEL 1d)APPLY A PATCH ON KERNEL 2d)COMPILE THE KERNEL IN DEBIAN 3d)RECOMPILE THE KERNEL TO BURN WITH IDE DISKS 4d)HOW RECOMPILE THE KERNEL 5d)HOW RECOMPILE KERNEL 2.6 NET 1e)MOUNT A MINI-LAN BETWEEN 2 COMPUTERS ONLY WITH TEXT COMMANDS AND NOT 2e)CONNECTING ON INTERNET BY SCRIPT WITHOUT KPPP (two procedures) 3e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH WVDIAL 4e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH KPPP 5e)INTERNET 6e)TELNET AND FTP 7e)SHARE INTERNET CONNECTION (LINUX-LINUX-CLIENT) 8e)SHARE CONNECTION TO INTERNET (EASY WAY) 9e)CONNECT 2 COMPUTERS BY PARALLEL WIRE ON LPT1 (PLIP) 10e)START A X SESSION FROM REMOTE (from linux to linux) 11e)LAUNCH PROGRAMS FROM TELNET TO GRAPHIC SIDE 12e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS FROM TELNET TO A GRAPHIC X & 13e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS ON CLIENT BUT THAT WORKS ON SERVER 14e)IPCHAINS AND FIREWALL 15e)ADSL WITH MODEM ETHERNET ON LINUX 16e)MAPPING OF ACCESS POINTS 17e)LINUX DEBIAN FIRST STEPS WITH THE NET 18e)SHARE PRINTER ON LINUX SUCH AS PRINTSERVER SAMBA CUPS 19e)NFS SHARING TO EXCHANGE FILES IN A LAN WITH LINUX COMPUTERS 20e)DISCOVER THE INTRUDERS 21e)SAFETY FROM ROOTKITS BACKDOORS AND LOCAL EXPLOITS 22e)WIRELESS CARD ON A LAPTOP WITH ARCHLINUX 23e)MAIL SERVER WITH POSTFIX AND TPOP3D ON ARCHLINUX 24e)WEBSITE WIKI WITH PMWIKI 25e)IPTABLES 26e)SURF ON INTERNET WITH GPRS ON LINUX 27e)CONFIGURE SSH 28e)ASSIGN DOUBLE IP ADDRESS TO NETWORK CARD OTHER 1f)HOW INSTALL LINUX ON COMPUTER WITH PROCESSOR 386 WITH 2 MEGA OF RAM?? 2f)HOW CREATE OWN MINIDISTRO ON 2 FLOPPY-DISK 3f)INSTALL UNIX MINIX 2.0.3 4f)PROGRAMS GPL LINUX <--> WINDOWS 5f)INSTALL ARCHLINUX (new installation system by Arch Install Script) 6f)SWITCH FROM INITSCRIPTS TO SYSTEMD ON ARCHLINUX +++++++++++++++++++++++COMMANDS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1a)COMMON COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX This is valid for all commands: 1 - The given commands can be rewritten on the command-line and easily pushing the directions keys. 2 - Through the "history" command it's possible to see the given commands, if after it's inserted the number, it shows the last n. commands given. (es. history 14 ;shows last 14 commands) 3 - Often giving the commands, text files are created. To exiting from them, you need to press "q" or, in case you want to stop the process because the execution of the command creates nonsensical characters or doesn't accepted other input from keyboard, you need to press "Ctrl+c". 4 - Often, commands given, provide a series of dates that pass the visualization of screen, showing only a side of them. In order to obviate this phenomenon, you can use an option "| more" or "| less" adding at the end of the command (ls -la | more) or after the name of file: (cat filename | more) 5 -moreover, after having used some procedures, you need to know that pushing the key "Enter", continue the visualization for row and pushing key "Space" continue for page. THROUGH DIRECTORY cd = cd (alone) return into homedir (~ o $HOME) cd .. = move to the previous directory (which depends) cd / = return to the root directory from any point we are ls = shows the contained of a directory horizontally ls | more = shows the contained x page and vertically (through enter continues ahead with a single line x time) (through space continues x page) ls -l = the options -l shows many details. ls -la = the option -a shows the directory preceded from a dot ( this is the command advised) cp -av = copy full directories es. starting (/usr) destination (/mnt/where_you_want) cp -r = to copy directory mkdir = to create a directory rmdir = to remove a directory rm -r = to delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside rm -r -f = to delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside without ask confirm pwd = to know in which directory you are tree namedir = shows the directories depended from which indicated reset = if xterm doesn't respond to the given commands, the reset command ublock it. THROUGH FILE cp = to copy file rm = to delete file mv = to move/rename file mv name newname = it renames the file (es. mv cri.txt cro.txt) mv filename /dirname = move file into indicated directory (es. mv cri.txt /usr) cat filename = shows inside of a file touch filename = to create an empty file immediately wc = to show the statistics on a text file split = to divide a file in more sides diff = to find the difference of text inside 2 files (ex. diff 1.txt 2.txt) UPDATE HOUR AND DATE hwclock --set --date='12/27/2014 18:55:01' date -s '12/27/2014 18:55:01' OBTAIN A LIST OF USERS AND GROUPS for i in `cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1` ; do id $i ; done Block a linux user type: passwd -l user_name Unlock a linux user type: passwd -u user_name FOR THE SYSTEM lsmod = shows modules charged on kernel shutdown -r now = to reboot the system reboot = like over shutdown -h now = to close the system halt = like over halt -p = shut and turnoff the system exit = to close the console startx = start the execution of graphic server ctrl+alt+backspace = restart in graphic mode, to bringing back to starting login ctrl+alt+F1 = opens a console not emulated ctrl+alt+F7 = easily passes on the screen 0 if there is a server X activated. Doesn't close the console from which arrives. HELP AND INFORMATIONS - commands command name --help = shows the syntax of the command (a generic help) man command name = shows an explanation in details (enter ; advancing for line - space : for page - q ; exiting and returning to the command row) info command name = idem - installed file makewhatis = create a database with the informations that concern the installed files (without showing anything), later with a command " apropos filetype " is given back a list of what that concern the type of file (es. apropos edit). - rpm packets rpm -qa |more = shows the list of packets rpm installed - X server *To know which Xserver you are using, go to /etc/X11 and give the command ls -al, look at where the liks point to --> last file shows the used X server * -kernel uname -a = to know the kernel version - system and kernel du -h = quantity of space used into directory and sub_directory in kb and mb in kb e mb. top = shows the processes in use from cpu (to stop Ctrl+c) ps aux = shows programs and demons running with their pid pidof program name/demon (for ex. pidof kdm) df = shows partitions mounted free (-t; x the totals -m; x megabytes) If linux doesn't see all the ram that you have (for ex. 128M), then ad this row into file /etc/lilo.conf between (default and keytable) append = "mem=128M" Save the file and digit lilo, reboot the system and just returned in linux digit "free". uname = shows the informations about system uname -m = type of pc uname -n = name of pc inside the net uname -r = release of operating system (kernel version) uname -v = version of operating system uname -a = general summary of the options over written FLOPPY AND CDROOM mount -t filesystemtype /dev/fd0 directory = mounts formatted floppy on type x into a directory (vfat for windows; msdos for msdos-dos; hfs for mac) eject /dev/device = eject the cdrom or the burner (ex. ejecets (ex. eject /dev/hdc or eject /dev/scd1) OTHER COMMANDS TO SHOW FILES AND CLARIFICATIONS Beyond the command "cat" there are other commands, often more useful, to show inside a file. more filename = for files of big dimensions or less filename Ex. Digit: more /dev/hda = will be showed the map of partitions less /dev/hda = will be showed to add the option -f less -f /dev/hda = this is the case where anything can be understood (press "q") cat /dev/hda = this is the case where you need to stop the process (Ctrl+c) THE JOLLY CHARACTER "*" * = means all if introduced near a word, it makes reference at word and which have added characters ex. pippo* = pippo pippo1 pippociao pippopluto pippo.............. You need to have attention when you use it to delete a file or directory, because a wrong command like: "rm pippo * "; delete file pippo and also all files inside that directory. Better to control with: ls -a pippo* before to delete something; in this way, it will be possible to control what will be deleted. THE COMMAND CAT (clarifications) Can be used to create text file : cat > filename digit the text ctrl+d = to close the file cat filename = to look inside the file Can be used to assemble again files divided or unit different files: ex. cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > ris.txt IL COMMAND CP (clarifications) Can be used also to transfer an existing file in a file that is created in that moment cp existingfile filecreatednow The same thing become for the directory cp -r existingdir dircreatednow THE LINKS ln name linkname = to create physicist links ln -s name linkname = to create symbolic links 2a)DIFFERENT COMMANDS pushd (Says in what directory you were first) popd (Return into directory where you were first) cd - (like up) 3a)OCCUPATION DISK du -h (to show the quantity in kbyte and mbyte) 4a)PROCESSES & (to put at the end of the command) to execute a command in background and it will give this result: [3] 32566 Where 3 is the number of the process while 32566 is the ID of the process. && (to insert it between 2 commands, the second command will start only when the first one will be finished, for example dir && top). bg (starts the command in background, the syntax is: bg number_id_command). fg (starts the process with high priority, the syntax is: fg number_id_command). nohup (executes a command also if it has gone out from the session or it has been lost the connection, the syntax is: nohup dir &), at the end it will create a file called nohup.out with inside the result of the command. ps -ax = to see the processes in memory. kill = to kill a process (with kill -l you see the signals to kill. kill -9 (n???process) = to force the died of the process. killall = kill all processes) 5a)RAM To see the ram, write: free To get informations about used ram, write top Control the side high at left on the screen. 6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS If I'm the owner of a file or directory, then, I can decide its features, I mean, the rights access. The command to do it is chmod (change modes). Its syntax is: chmod who action what filename where: parameter who can be u (user) g (groups) o (others) a (all) parameter action can be + (add) - (remove) parameter what can be r (read) w (write) x (execute) the field namefile ??? file or directory object of changing. (*) all show at the same time 3 kinds of user. We can see now some practice examples. We guess to want add access, read and written to all directories. drwx------ verdi users 512 pippo The easy way is: chmod a+rwx pippo that is at words "add (+) to all (a) read (r) write (w) and access (x) at file pippo " (instead is a directory because there is d). The result is: drwxrwxrwx verdi users 512 pippo Other example. We guess that we want file -r-------- verdi users 4096 paperino readable from all and writable only from owner : chmod a+r paperino chmod u+w paperino And the result is: -rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096 paperino Other example. We guess to have file -rw-rw-rw- rossi superuser 1234 pluto If we execute: chmod o-rw pluto instead to obtain: -rw-rw---- rossi superuser 1234 pluto we have the message: Permission denied This because I (verdi) am searching to modify the attributes of a file that is not mine (it is of rossi). 7a)MANIPULATE ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD A method more fast to assign the attributes to a file is based on this thought. We suppose to attribute numerics values to possible permissions: Read = 4 (r) Write = 2 (w) Execution = 1 (x) (Remember that for a directory, x means access). In this way, executing easy sums: 0 = No permission - 1 = Execution x 2 = Write w 3 = Execution + Write wx 4 = Read r 5 = Execution + Read rx 6 = Write + Read rw 7 = Execution + Write + Read rwx If we put near 3 codes to access user / groups / others we obtain the numbers of 3 numbers, everyone of them indicate the permissions of every type of users in synthetic way. For example: rwxrwxrwx 777 rw-rw-rw- 666 r--r--r-- 444 rwx------ 700 rw-r--r-- 644 and go ahead.... Therefore it's possible to include only in one way all accesses of every single type of user. Exist then the alternative syntax of chmod chmod codice filename Example. The second example on first syntax of chmod wanted to transform: -r-------- verdi users 4096 paperino in file: -rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096 paperino and needed of 2 consecutive chmod, the first to assign a+r and the second to assign u+w. With alternative syntax of chmod is possible to do this in only one way, using: chmod a+r,u+w paperino -#-#-#-(attention at comma)-#-#-#- or in a easy way: chmod 644 paperino 8a)CHANGE THE PROPERTY OF A FILE If I am owner of a file and I would "gift" it to someone, that is someone will become new owner, exist the command chown (change owner). His syntax is: chown newowner.newgroup file We see some examples. Guess that rossi, after have deposited in my directory the file: -rw-rw-rw- rossi superuser 1234 pluto want that this file become of my propriety. It will have to execute: chown verdi.users pluto The result will be: -rw-rw-rw- verdi users 1234 pluto 9a)CREATE AND ADD GROUPS AND USERS Make all like root user. For ex. create a group called supporto: groupadd supporto For ex. create an user and insert him in a supporto group useradd user -c (comment) -d (home directory) -g (group) useradd cristian -c ordinato -d /reparto -g supporto Now we need to insert a password: passwd cristian It is possible also to use: adduser (complete of all, also of password). Will be suggested the default parameters, are possibles of modifies. Modify the group to which user belongs: usermod -gname_group cristian Insert the user in other groups: usermode -Ggroup1 group2 group3 cristian To delete user and group write: groupdel supporto userdel cristian (using userdel -r will be deleted all files and the directory of the user) 10a)FORMAT A FLOPPY How to format: fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 this format drive A: to 1440 kb fdformat /dev/fd1h1200 this format drive B: to 1.2 Mb fdformat /dev/fd0H720 this format drive A: to 720 kb To search damaged blocks: badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 How format a floppy from msdos or windows: fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0 fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t vfat /dev/fd0 11a)HOW CONTROL THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS Thanks to Riccardo Pelizzi (r.pelizzi@virgilio.it) Control the efficiency of own ide disks. note: these options can damage your ide disks. If you the device ide (that can be a hard-disk, a cd-rom or a dvd) and your mother board are almost new, your disk supports the transfer mode to 32-bit, the mode ultra-DMA and irq unmasking. The kernel is very conservative under this point of view (because activing these options on boards or on devices that don't support them, you risk to break them, and if your distro has not configured well your disk, then we will do it with the command hdparm. -Understand at what device correspond each disk. Using the command: hdparm -i /dev/hdX where X is for device that you'll have to control. Usually are a, b, c, d. One of first voices of output will be the model of your device, so you will can understandw what IDE device are you interrogating. -We control that the support of our chipset is active. It won't possible to interact with disks without having the support of own chipset integrated on kernel or charged as module. For example having a chipset Via and having compiled the driver like module, first of other operation, you need to write "modprobe via82cxxx". -Control that the state of our disks. The command: hdparm /dev/hdX will give an output similar at this: multcount = 16 (on) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) unmaskirq = 1 (on) using_dma = 1 (on) keepsettings = 0 (off) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 8 (on) geometry = 9964/255/63, sectors = 160086528, start = 0 This is output of a disk that should be already configured well. Unic important operation, but that cannot be seen from this men??? is the udma mode. With the former command you can see that the dma mode is activated, but not what mode is actived. About this, we will think at the end. -Configure our device. Start giving the command: hdparm -t /dev/hdX and sign your transfer rate. If IO_Support is equal at 0, active it with the command: hdparm -c1 /dev/hdX. Some combinations of mother boards /devices require the parameter c3.This option should alone double the transfer rate of your devices. Unmskirq is needed to mantein the operating system "responsive" (ready!!). while you are reading from device, useful overall for cd/dvd. You can active it with: hdparm -u1 /dev/hdX And now we pass to more interesting side: the dma modality. Give the command: hdparm -t /dev/hdX after every operation. Every operation should hide your transfer rate. If it's not like this, you should return to the former option, because the current is not supported. Start with: hdparm -d1 /dev/hdX This option doesn't give necessary to a high level of performances, if it has not been actived a dma modality valid: let go to set it. This is the table of parameters to give to hdparm (stolen from nice peoples of intel): (ATA/33) -X66 (ATA/66) -X68 (ATA/100) -X69 For example to active the modality ATA/66, give the command: hdparm -X68 /dev/hdX There is a last option to set, a little more dangeorous of the others: multicount. Give the command: hdparm -i /dev/hdX and read the voice max_multicount. It will be the value to set like: hdparm -mY /dev/hdX Obviously this option is not to set for cd/dvd that has only 1 little-head, the laser. At this point you should have a transfer rate at least of 40MB for second with a disk ATA/66. Confront it with you had before of every operation. Enjoy and stay quiet by the result :-) NOTE: These options are not permanent, so you will have to put all your commands in a script and execute it at start putting the name of the file at the end of: /etc/rc.d/rc.local 12a)INSTALLED HARDWARE Write followed commands like user root: lspci dmesg cat /proc/cpuinfo +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++UTILITY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1b)GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT To start the Xgraphic write (twm) and if you want to start it automatically write on file .xinitrc (into your home directory) the written twm and in file .profile o .bash_profile (startx). Instead to write twm it's possible write also mwm, 4dwm, afterstep, fvwm95, fvwm, gnome-session ecc.. (/etc/X11). 2b)FILE SEARCH - find (directory-file) es. find / -name cri.txt (/ search in all file system -name followed from name of file) - find /root -size 990k ( find a file of dimension 990k into directory /root) - locate file (es. locate cri.txt) a fast way to find a file (before give the command update and later the command locate). - which cri.txt in different precondition directories ( which cri.txt /usr /tmp/root) * grep search a word inside a document (es. grep "casa" *.txt ) 3b)ARCHIVE AND COMPRESS FILES EXTENSION COMPRESS DECOMPRESS Z compress cri.txt uncompress cri.Z zip zip cri.txt cri.zip unzip cri.zip gz gzip cri.txt gunzip cri.gz bzip2 bzip2 cri.txt bunzip2 -d cri.bz2 tar.gz tar zcvf cri.tar.gz tar zxvf cri.tar.gz lzh lha a cri.lzh lha x cri.lzh rar rar a cri.rar unrar x cri.rar zoo zoo -add cri.zoo zoo -extract cri.zoo 4b)MOUNT A FLOPPY To mount a floppy the command is: mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ( name directory that you must to create with command mkdir ) If instead of ext2 (linux) write msdos , you can use floppy that are ok also in dos/windows systems. umount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 To unmount. 5b)MOUNT A CDROM to mount a cdrom the command is: mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom (name dir that you have to create with mkdir) To control that cdrom is hdc o hdd o scd0 o scd1 (if SCSI) and remember to create a directory named cdrom. 6b)MOUNT A WINDOWS PARTITION To mount a windows partition the command is: mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/win ( name directory that you have to create with mkdir) Control that windows partition is on hda1 (in my case) and remember to create a directory named win (at your discretion). To mount a Windows NT partition the command is: mount -t ntfs /dev/nt_partition /mnt/winnt 7b)MOUNT A LINUX PARTITION To mount a linux partition the command is: mount -t ext2 /dev/hda5 /mnt/linux1 (name directory that you have to create with mkdir) -t is the type of filesystem, for example (ext2, ext3, reiserfs, etc....) mount -w -n -o remount / mount file system in write mode mount -r -n -o remount / mount file system in read-only mode 8b)DUPLICATE A FLOPPY cat /dev/fd0H1440 > myfloppy After which, it's needed to insert the destination floppy and execute: cat myfloppy > /dev/fd0H1440 9b)INSTALL PROGRAMS (First of all read file Install or Readme file) If file has extension .tar.gz or .tgz uncompact first with: (tar zxvf program.tar.gz) or (tar xvf program.tgz) cd program (enter in new directory just created) ./configure make make install 10b)SCANDISK ON LINUX df (to control on what partition is installed linux) badblocks /dev/hda1 (if linux is installed on /dev/hda1) fsck -a / (to repair automatically the file system without asking questions) ATTENTION is adviced to not using (-a) on file-system non-ext2 fsck /dev/ must to be unmounted or mounted in read-only reiserfsck –check /dev/sda1 (It checks without repairing file-system). reiserfsck –rebuild-sb /dev/sda1 (It rebuilds the blocks of damaged partition). reiserfsck –scan-whole-partition –rebuild-tree /dev/sda1 (It checks all partition and rebuilds the file-system tree of whole file-system) 11b)FILES MANAGER An easy file-manager to use is (mc) You have only to write this command (mc) to access to commands that are on the high side of keyboard pressing F9 key. Indeed you can find it to enter in telnet ed ftp. 12b)PASSWORD ON LILO (ATTENTION DANGEROUS COMMAND!!!) Enter on file /etc/lilo.conf and insert this row: password = "password that you want" 13b)OPEN MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME CONTEMPORANEOUSLY Pressing contemporaneously keys (Ctrl+Alt) and F1 key it's opening a pure unix window where to insert user and the password, at this point it's possible using this screen while you are already using another program. At this point press keys Ctrl+Alt+F2 e so on. To return at the X server ++ To use 2 X server on the same machine (havy) you have to: ctrl+alt+F2 to pass at the second console, do the login and digit: startx -- :1 The first X-server was and continue staying on ctrl+alt+F7 the second is on ctrl+alt+F8. The busy display from first is "0" while that busy from second is "1". To consider it in case you have to forward of connection X. 14b)PRINT lpstat -tp (info on configured printers) lpr (to print a file ex. lpr /root/cri) lpr -p /root/cri (if the text has lines much long and go out from edges of the page) lpq (to control the state of the printing and id during the stamps) lprm number_id_tail_of_printing ( to drop the command of printing) ex.(lprm 28) lprm - delete outright all printing tails to delete all printing required lprm -P printername (delete the jobs of a specified printer) /usr/bin/disable printername (disable the printer) /usr/bin/enable printername (enable the printer) enscript (convert the text in a files PostScript) enscript -r (to print across) enscript -r -2 (to print 2 pages on a single leaf) enscript -n 3 (to print for ex. 3 copies) enscript -a to print an alone break of pages. 15b)RESCUE FLOPPY Giving for discounted having ricompiled the kernel and having created file /boot/bzImage go in this directory and write: (cp bzImage /dev/fd0) On RedHat write: mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.4.5 (it's the number version of /boot/vmlinuz) 16b)DELETE BOOTMANAGER ON MBR From linux give the command: lilo -U Make a msdos help floppy and write: fdisk /mbr If you have Windows2000, write: fixmbr ATTENTION TO USE THIS COMMAND BECAUSE CAN DELETE THE TABLES OF FAT AND NTFS PARTITION OF WINDOWS. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/yourdisk bs=512 count=1 To restore a lost partition or damaged (maybe because from an analysis with fdisk gives "unlocated tables", use the programs TestDisk & PhotoRec availables under linux or windows or other operating systems. 17b)DISABLE OR ABLE THE CLASSIC SOUND BIP To disable enter into file /etc/inputrc or into file ./inputrc and write: set bell-style none To able enter into file /etc/inputrc or into file ./inputrc and write: set bell-style visible To listen the sound write: echo -e "\007" To high the sound from line command: aumix -L path/.aumixrc 18b)DISABLE CTRL-ALT-CANC FROM CONSOLE OR REMOTE Enter into file /etc/inittab and disable with a # ahead the row: ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now 19b)START THE GRAPHIC WITHOUT INSERT LOGIN AND PASSWORD Exist 2 methods, you have to try and adapt at your distro. 1) This thing has been tryied on redhat 7.1 -Modify the file /etc/sysconfig/desktop Insert the name of desktop that will start, es. fvwm2 Modify the file /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients replacing the name of predefined desktop (GNOME) with fvwm2. Modify the file /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/xinput replacing the name of desktop predefined (GNOME) with fvwm2. Create the file .xinitrc inside the directory of the user or root and write inside: fvwm2 Modify the file /etc/rc.d/rc.local inserting on the first row (or replacing the first row) with: #!/bin/bash After this row write the path of file .xinitrc and after the written startx, resuming: #!/bin/bash cd /root & startx or cd /root & startx fvwm2 At this point reboot pc and see the result. 2) Inserting a user with the home and the group of belongings. Modify the file /etc/profile inserting these dates: HOME="/username" export HOME Save the file. Enter in /etc/inittab disabling from row Run gettys until the end putting a # in front of all the rows. Over the row Run getty insert another row: 1:12345:wait:/bin/bash -login Save the file and reboot. At start enter such as user withou insert username and password. If inside /home/user we insert a file .xinitrc where we write graphic desktop to start for example fvwm2. It's possible to copy the file /etc/X11/fvwm2/system.fvwm2rc inside /home/user and rename it in .fvwm2rc Inside file .bash_profile at the end write startx, so will start the graphic automatically. Rebooting the pc we will enter such as user and automatically will start the X chosen. 20b)ENABLE THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or XFree Enter inside file /etc/X11/xorg.conf or /etc/X11/XF86Config Configure the voice mouse such as follows: Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Mouse0" Driver "mouse" Option "Protocol" "IMPS/2" Option "Device" "/dev/psaux" ##or "/dev/mouse" Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" Option "Emulate3Buttons" "no" EndSection 21b)COPY PARTITIONS FROM HARD-DISK A TO HARD-DISK B Create a rescue-floppy of linux from your distro that you have installed, it will be used to install lilo if pc will not start. Insert into pc new hard-disk (b) and start the pc from the first hard-disk (a). Delete all dates from on b: fdisk /dev/hdb (If you have an error Impossible open /dev/hdb it means that hard-disk is not recognized). Try with hdc, hdd, etc . We continue assuming that (b), the second hard-disk, has been recognized. Delete other present partitions in (b). Fdisk /dev/hdb Command (m to call the guide): Press d and after the number of partition (from 1 to 4) Example d Enter 1 Enter d Enter 2 Enter d Enter 3 Enter d Enter 4 Enter w (to save and exit from fdisk) q (to exit without save) Say that now disk b is empty, we can check with cfdisk /dev/hdb. Now, show the partitions in /dev/hda (first disk) and the dimensions in megabyte (write them aside in a paper). Create the empty partitions in disk b with: Create the partition linux ext2 cfdisk /dev/hdb New Primary (Move with keys arrows) Dimensions: Insert the dimensions in mb, an advise, if possible grow them of 5 mb, that is Start Startable Type (you can choice the type of file-system) Create the partition swap New Logic Dimensions: Insert the dimensions in mb, I advise if possible to grow of 5 mega. End Type (you can choice the type of file-system, that is swap) Write (Write and save the empty partitions) Until now we have deleted the partitions on disk b and we have created them empty to the same dimension (almost). Now as last thing we copy the partitions from hard-disk a to hard-disk b. dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/hdb1 (partition linux) Wait until you won't have new line of command (depend from how much is big the partition), after that write: dd if=/dev/hda5 of=/dev/hdb5 (partition swap) At the end, stop the system with the command halt, turn off the pc and move the hard-disk a and insert the hard-disk b so that becomes first disk (move the little-tongue on hard-disk). If you see lilo and pressing Enter the pc stop on kernel-panic, insert the rescue floppy and at lilo write_ linux root=/dev/hda1 (we say where is file-system of linux). Once the system is started, configure /etc/lilo.conf so the s.o. start lilo correctly. If lilo doesn't work, restart the pc. If it doesn't work yet, restart the pc always with rescue-floppy and modify the first line of /etc/lilo.conf in: boot=/dev/hda1 or in boot=/dev/hda save and write lilo, restart the pc. If at start with hard-disk b you see fsck (like scandisk) that correct automatically the errors don't worry, if instead it asks you the root password, it means that installation is not gone well. I advise to repeat the installation. If you arrive at login and write top (Enter) it's possible that partition swap is not active, surely at start there have been errors instead of usuals ok. To active you need only to give once: mkswap -c /dev/hda5 swapon /dev/hda5 If you write again "top" the partition swap will be active forever, also at next reboot. 22b)START KDE OR GNOME INSIDE XTERM USING XNEST Install the program Xnest, start the graphic interface chosen and from here open xterm. Inside it write: Xnest :1 (you can choice also 2 or 3 etc .) It will appear a black window. Open a second xterm and start: xterm -display : 1 ( the same of Xnest) If you control inside the black window there is a xterm opened and empty. Doesn't remain that open a graphic interface wished writing inside at example: startkde startgnome Now it will open only in the black window the graphic interface chosed. If you have a problem with authorization of xterm to not be executed it's because misses the cookie of xauth. If the error is this: Xnest: client 1 rejected from local host Xlib: connection to ":1.0" refused by server Xlib: Client is not authorized to connect to Server xterm Xt error: Can't open display: :1 Write this in a file, execute it and start it (obviously it adapts it): #!/bin/sh MCOOKIE=$(mcookie) xauth add $(hostname)/unix$1 . $MCOOKIE xauth add localhost/unix$1 . $MCOOKIE Xnest "$@" xauth remove $(hostname)/unix$1 localhost/unix$1 exit 0 23b)SETTING SINGLE KEYS OF KEYBOARD Modify the keyboard on console, but before copy the file: cd /lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/ or cd /usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/ cp it.kmap.gz it.kmaoriginale.gz gunzip it.kmap.gz vi it.kmap.gz Example modifying the key (Caps_lock) I'll write the letter e. Modify the row from: keycode 58 = Caps_Lock to keycode 58 = e Exit and save the file pressing Esc:wq! Zip again the file with: gzip -9 it.kmap Restart the pc, when you will press the key Caps_lock instead to jump on space will appear the letter e. 24b)CREATE OR RECREATE DEVICES IN /DEV Login as root user How recreate /dev/fd0: 1 possibility: cd /dev /MAKEDEV fd0 2 possibility: mknod -m 660 /dev/fd0 b 2 0 followed from: chgrp floppy /dev/fd0 I believe that it's ok also for other devices. 25b)TURNOFF THE PC AUTOMATICALLY 1??? method) If you have Slackware (like in my case) and you don't want to recompile the kernel, go in /etc/rc.d/rc.modules and pull out the wicket to /sbin/modprobe/apm Obviously you have to reboot the pc to charge the module at boot first to give the command: halt 2??? method) Who would have recompiled the kernel 2.2.x you need only to able the module APM and the pc will turnoff automatically. Instead who had recompiled the kernel 2.4.x go in General Setup able with y the Advanced Power Management BIOS support that Use real mode APM BIOS call to power off. Recompile the kernel (like it's written on first points) and open with vi the file /etc/lilo.conf. For your recompiled distro will have to appear a screen like this, you need only to add last row like that: image=/boot/bzImage label="Mandriva" root=/dev/hda5 read-only append="apm=power-off" Save the file, write lilo and reboot the pc. When you will write halt the pc will turnoff automatically, ' stopping' first the hard-disks and after turning-off itself. 26b)ITALIAN KEYBOARD UNDER SLACKWARE If you have started Kde, remember to install also with installpkg: kde-i18n-it-3.X.X-noarch-1.tgz (depend from the version of Kde that you have installed) koffice-i18n-it-X.X.X-noarch-1.tgz (depend from the version of Kde that you have installed) Go to Control Center of Kde, Regional and Easy Access, Layout of keyboard, click on able Layout of keyboard and choice: Keyboard Model --> Choice keyboard 105-key First Layout Italian Politic of changing --> Global Click on Apply. Go to Language and state/region, under National Setting chosing: State Italy Language Italian Under Money like value delete EUR and write the symbol of euro with AltGr e Click on Apply, after on File and at the end on Exit. Remember to set in xf86config (xorg86config) the keyboard at 105 keys and Italian nationality (40). Now we can see the graphic shell, from now make a copy of all files that we will modify. Modify the file /etc/X11/XF86Config and changing into the section Core keyboard's InputDevice section the row from: Option "XkbLayout" "de" to Option "XkbLayout" "it" Enter into file /etc/profile and add: LC_ALL=it_IT@euro LANG=it_IT@euro Copy the file /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/it.map.gz in a directory and scompact it like that (make a backyp of files that we will go to modify): gunzip it.map.gz Editing after with vi go at point 18 and modify it such as it's written (attention at tabulations): keycode 18 = e E currency alt keycode 18 = Meta_currency For safe I'll write also the spaces: between keycode and 18 there are 2 between 18 and = there is 1 between = and e there is 1 between e and E there are 9 between E and currency there are 7 between il lato and alt there are 8 between l'alt and keycode there are 5 between keycode and 18 there are 2 between 18 and = there is 1 between = and Meta_currency there is 1 Save and exit from the file, zip it and replace it with that already exist: gzip it.map.gz cp -f it.map.gz /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/it.map.gz Creat the empty file /etc/rc.d/rc.font write inside it: setfont -v /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/lat9w-14.psfu.gz Give the permissions 770 and execute it at start of computer. Reboot the pc and your shell will have the symble of euro. 27b)GRUB ON HARD-DISK IDE AND SCSI This point is shared in 3 sections: - Install grub manually and working/acknowledgment of partitions - Use grub (2 with disks eide and 1 with disks scsi) - Improve to apply to grub (use password and start other operating systems) - Install grub manually and working/acknowledgment of partitions Installation of grub in few easy steps. Firstly create a floppy/usb stick/cd/dvd of rescue of linux, so in case of emergency you can always start the operating system. uninstall lilo with: lilo -U Like user root install manually grub like that (into actual distributions is already installed): tar zxvf grub-0.94.tar.gz cd grub-0.94/ /configure && make && make install cd /usr/local/share/grub/i386-pc/ mkdir /boot/grub cp -f * /boot/grub/ Control that the following files are in /boot/grub (otherwise move them in this directory): e2fs_stage1_5 fat_stage1_5 ffs_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 vstafs_stage1_5 stage1 stage2 Grub suggests the partitions differently from Linux: a couple of numbers between parenthesis, with numbers that start from zero. To do an example: /dev/hda --> (hd0) (primary hard-disk) /dev/hdb --> (hd1) (second hard-disk) /dev/hda1 --> (hd0,0) (primary partition, in my case there is WindowsMe) /dev/hda5 --> (hd0,4) (second partition, in my case there is Mandriva) /dev/hdb2 --> (hd1,1) (primary partition, in my case there is Debian) and ahead, the concept should be clear. My pc is partitioned like that: hda1 WindowsMe that under grub becomes (hd0,0) hda5 Mandrake that under grub becomes (hd0,4) hdb2 Debian that under grub becomes (hd1,1) - Use grub (2 with disks eide and 1 with disks scsi) Ahead 3 methods to use grub (the first and second with disks eide, the third with disks scsi). 1??? Method install/use grub with disk eide Go in /boot/grub/ and rename the file menu.lst in menuold.lst Create a new one menu.lst and write how followed (always second my configuration): default 0 color white/blue #(white are the writtens, blue is background) timeout 5 title Mandriva kernel (hd0,4)/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda5 apm=power-off title Slackware kernel (hd1,0)/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/hdb1 hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi title WindowsMe root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1 Save file and inside shell (ex. in xterm) write: grub-install /dev/hda (grub is installed in boot-manager) If on first row will appear how much follows, installation is finished: Installation finished. No error reported. Reboot pc and you will see your new boot-manager. 2??? Method install/use grub with a disk eide Now we create file /etc/grub.config inserting following dates modifying them, here is present my configuration: default 0 #(says what voice will has to start) color black/red (color written black with underground red). To change at own pleasure. timeout 5 #(time of wait) title Mandriva #(first operating system that starts) kernel (hd0,4)/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda5 title Debian #(second operating system that starts) kernel (hd1,1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.20 root=/dev/hdb2 title WindowsMe #(third operating system that starts) chainloader (hd0,0)+1 #(has to start the first sector of disk) Save file and go in /boot/grub and digit grub and will appear: grub> "The operation beneath has been done from Mandriva (hd0,4), if the thing has been done from Debian I would have had write (hd1,1). (hd9) has be fix because grub is installed on mbr, if has been put on primary partition it had to be written (hd0,0)". Now write: install (hd0,4)/boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0,4)/boot/grub/stage2 p (hd0,4) /etc/grub.config #(Write from install to grub.config all in a row) If all has gone well at the end will appear only the written grub, to save and exit write quit. Reboot the pc and will appear new boot-loader, to choice the operating system use the arrows on keyboard. The operating system that will start of default is Mandriva (the first in the list), instead about windows and the row beneath (chainloader etc....) I can only say that like that start regularly. 3??? Method install/use grub with disks scsi Thanks to Giamma for the contribution. Here I have installed Grub on my hdd, the version that I've used is: 0.9.3 To install Grub on disk hd0 after having installed grub, I've created a directory /boot/grub and there I've copied all files that I found inside /usr/local/share/grub/i386 and I've added also the file menu.lst before created like beneath hence from directory /boot/grub I've digit: grub root (hd0,0) #should recognize the file system of disk hd0 setup (hd0) #seach file stage1 and stage2 and its install itself quit To start windows with grub that is found on hdd SCSI (and if present also disks EIDE on the same pc): modify menu.lst like below (this title must be the last): title windows rootnoverify (hd1,0) 1 makeactive (1) chainloader +1 map (hd0) (hd1) map (hd1) (hd0) boot # explanation about above: # rootnoverify (hd1,0) 1 #for now the disk SCSI is not hd0 but that after the last disk EIDE #(in my case is the secodn, hence hd1) #(1 final says to grub to use the bios scsi fot that disk instead the bios of the mother-board) # map (hd0) (hd1) # map (hd1) (hd0) #(these two rows map change the disk scsi doing become it the first disk (hence c:) All this because grub assigns always to EIDE the first disk (c:) If you want to foresee also a reboot from windows it will be better put another title like below (the disks have already been changed first with the start): title reboot winsoz rootnoverify (hd0,0) makeactive (1) chainloader +1 boot #(however I haven't tried this) -Improves to apply to grub (use password and start other operating systems) If you want a password to boot, in file menu.lst under timeout write: password prova (choice the password that you want) Under every written tile insert the written: lock Depend which operating system you want become not accessible. Write later on xterm: grub-install /dev/hda Reboot the pc. At boot if you choice a s.o. you will have an error: Error 32: Must be authenticated You must press the letter pc on keyboard and write the password inserted in /etc/boot/menu.lst. Choice now which operating system to start moving with the arrows and after pressing Enter. If you have other operating systems (like Minix, Netbsd, Openbsd, Freedos), you need to add the following rows on file menu.lst (taking present in which partition are installed), these are only an example, hence you will have to modify the side after the written "root": title Minix root (hd0,2) chainloader +1 title Netbsd root (hd0,3) chainloader +1 title Freedos root (hd0,4) makeactive chainloader +1 title Openbsd root (hd0,5) chainloader +1 Following the first method, in case you make the modifies it is not necessary write always grub-install /dev/hda because grub acquires automatically the modifies done on the contrary of lilo. 28b)GRUB ON FLOPPY OF BOOT OR USB STICK ATTENTION why grub on usb-stick, at contrary of floppy, will want a different map into file menu.lst, such as written below. First of all install grub under linux like root user: On Archlinux write: pacman -S grub pacman -S grub-gfx (with splashimage enabled) Or download the source and recompile. tar zxvf grub-x.xx.tar.gz cd grub-x.xx/ /configure && make && make install cd /usr/local/share/grub/i386-pc/ mkdir /boot/grub cp -f * /boot/grub/ You can create immagine.xpm.gz modifying an existing image, it permits to have that image at start of grub on boot: convert -geometry 640x480 -colors 14 image.jpg image.xpm && gzip image.xpm && cp -f image.xpm.gz /boot/grub Do you want a crypted password on grub, without the possibility to edit the menu on boot, if not inserting the password ??? Open a shell and write: grub md5crypt Insert the password and will be given back the crypted password. Now in menu.lst insert: password -md5 :$........... (the crypted password). -FLOPPY (we can start both Linux end Windows). Take a floppy, format it with file-system msdos (so it will be possible modify the file menu.lst both dos/windows end linux) and mount it: fdformat /dev/fd0 mkfs.msdos /dev/fd0 mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy/ mkdir -p /mnt/floppy/boot/grub cp /boot/grub/stage* /mnt/floppy/boot/grub cp /boot/grub/fat_stage1_5 /mnt/floppy/boot/grub Open another shell and write: grub root (fd0) setup (fd0) quit Now copy, modify and create ex-novo a file menu.lst where inside there are instructions to start a s.o. on reboot. If you have done something wrong don't worry, grub on boot permit from command-line to modify file menu.lst and to start the s.o. chosed, once time started you will have to modify the file menu.lst by hand. This is my file menu.lst: default 0 color red/black timeout 10 splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/image.xpm.gz #(if you want an image when grub starts) #password provadiboot title Slackware #lock kernel (hd0,1)/boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2 apm=power-off title Slackware originale #lock kernel (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi apm=power-off title WindowsMe #lock root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1 title Minix root (hd0,2) chainloader +1 title Netbsd root (hd0,3) chainloader +1 title Freedos root (hd0,4) makeactive chainloader +1 title Openbsd root (hd1,5) chainloader +1 Modify my file second your need, or create a new file. Save file in /mnt/floppy/boot/grub/menu.lst and unmount the floppy: umount /mnt/floppy Reboot the pc with floppy inserted. -USB STICK (ATTENTION at new map of file menu.lst). Insert the usb stick and write: cfdisk /dev/sda (choice Bootable, Tye --> 0B W95 FAT32) , write the modifies and exit pull out the stick and insert it again (from now /dev/sda will be hd1 that our usb stick). mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1 pull out the usb stick and insert it again mkdir /mnt/usb cd /mnt/ mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 usb/ mkdir -p /mnt/usb/boot/grub cp -f /boot/grub/* /mnt/usb/boot/grub Open a shell and write: grub root (hd1,0) (press Start will appear a row ---> Filesystem type is reiserfs, partition type 0x83 setup (hd1) will have to appear differents written, last is done (otherwise repeat all from the start) quit File device.map into directory grub will be made from these rows, sda is the usb-stick: (fd0) /dev/fd0 (hd0) /dev/hda (hd1) /dev/sda Edit file menu.lst will be made like that: timeout 5 default 0 color light-blue/red light-cyan/green splashimage=(hd1,1)/boot/grub/image.xpm.gz #(if you want an image when grub starts) password the_password_that_you_want title Arch Recompiled lock #enable the password root (hd1,1) #also if linux is on hard-disk hd0, because we found on usb stick, insert hd1 kernel /boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2 initrd /boot/initrd26.img title WinXP lock map (hd0) (hd1) # only for Windows I remap hard-disk, inverting it map (hd1) (hd0) # like above root (hd1,0) #Windows will be on hd1 and not on hd0, that is hard-disk rootnoverify (hd1,0) #I don't able any controll makeactive chainloader +1 title ArchLinux root (hd1,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/hda2 ro hdb=ide-scsi initrd /boot/initrd26-full.img title Minix root (hd1,2) chainloader +1 title Netbsd root (hd1,3) chainloader +1 title Freedos root (hd1,4) makeactive chainloader +1 title Openbsd root (hd1,5) chainloader +1 If you have written something of wrong or you don't have inserted a s.o. to start, you can choice to do it from command line. When will appear the screen semi-graphic of grub you have the possibility to modify the row that start the s.o. or insert a new line. Es. If you choice the s.o. Slackware, press the key e (it's edit), after again e, modify the row for ex. pulling out "apm=power-off", press the key Esc and after the letter b of boot. Now the s.o. will reboot Slackware but without the row power-off. Pressing the letter c you will enter on the command line, with letter o you will edit a new row, etc .... The benefits of grub are a lot, one of them is to modify by hand the row that start the s.o., the other is that that has no problems to manage different giga, has no problems of 10240 cylinder (thing that has lilo), if you have more s.o. on differentes disks I've seen that lilo gave me big problems, with grub I've resolved all. 29b)USE .OGG VORBIS -Convert a file .ogg in a file .wav (for informations man oggdec) oggdec file.ogg -Convert a file .wav in .ogg (for informations man oggdec) oggenc file.wav -Convert a file .mp3 in .ogg mpg321 file.mp3 -w raw oggenc -n file.mp3 raw -o newfile.ogg -To have informations on a file .ogg ogginfo -v file.ogg -Listening a file .ogg use xmms or from command line: ogg123 file.ogg or ogg123 -d alsa09 file.ogg 30b)FIRST STEPS WITH SLACKWARE -How configure the graphic ?? Enter into shell like root user and start xf86config (or xorg86config), in this example I'll set my graphic card Nvidia GeForce2 with resolution of 800x600: Enter (Protocol Number) 4 Enter Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? n Enter Mouse device: /dev/psaux Enter Enter a number to choose the keyboard. 4 Enter Enter a number to choose the country. 40 Enter Enter n Enter Enter Enter Enter your choice (1-11): 6 Enter Enter your choice: 3 Enter Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: Enter Do you want to look at the card database? y Enter 349 NVIDIA GeForce GeForce (Write 349 Enter) Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. Enter Enter your choice: 8 Enter Enter an identifier for your video card definition: Enter Enter your choice: 3 Enter Which modes? 3 Enter Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? n Enter Enter your choice: 4 Enter Enter a number to choose the default depth. 5 Enter Shall I write it to /etc/X11/XF86Config? y Enter -Enable NumLock on Kde and under the bash. Under Kde click on: Settings Control Center Peripherics Keyboard Numlock (Click on Access) Under bash (ctrl-alt F6) insert this row at the end of file /etc/rc.d/rc.keymap: INITTY=/dev/tty[1-6] for tty in $INITTY; do setleds -D +num < $tty done -Doesn't start the graphic ?? Go to /etc/inittab and modify the following string like that: id:4:initdefault: -Ho configure the printer (4 Methods): 1???)Uninstall lpr and use cups with WebAdmin with parallel printer Go into directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can see that you will see many lp*; Do these liks (if they already exist or are not valid, delete them and recreate again): To delete them write: cd /usr/bin rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq To rewrite them: ln -s lp-cups lp ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat ln -s lpr-cups lpr ln -s lprm-cups lprm ln -s lpq-cups lpq At this point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable (-rwxr-xr-x), if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups", and after "/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start" Go on /etc/rc.d/rc.local and comment with a # ahead the following row (if it's present): #/usr/sbin/lpd Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.M and comment these rows (able only cups and no more lpd): # Start the print spooling system. This will usually be LPRng (lpd) or CUPS. if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.cups ]; then # Start CUPS: /etc/rc.d/rc.cups start #elif [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng ]; then # # Start LPRng (lpd): # . /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng start fi If /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable, control to have apache activated, open a browser and write: http://localhost:631/ Click on Administration and Add Printer, on name insert the name of the printer (ex. hp610c), go with a new page of the browser on http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting and after on Printers, select the brand and the model of your printer, click later on download PPD and download the file in /usr/share/cups/model/ Click on continue, choice on Device for ex. (Parallel Port #1), again on continue, on Make select the brand HP, on Model select the model of the printer and at the end on continue. 2???)Uninstall lpr and use cups Kde-Peripherics-Printers with usb printer Go into directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can see that you will see many lp*; Do these liks (if they already exist or are not valid, delete them and recreate again): To delete them write: cd /usr/bin rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq To rewrite them: ln -s lp-cups lp ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat ln -s lpr-cups lpr ln -s lprm-cups lprm ln -s lpq-cups lpq At this point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable (-rwxr-xr-x), if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups", and after "/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start" Go on /etc/rc.d/rc.local and comment with a # ahead the following row (if it's present): #/usr/sbin/lpd Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.M and comment these rows (able only cups and no more lpd): # Start the print spooling system. This will usually be LPRng (lpd) or CUPS. if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.cups ]; then # Start CUPS: /etc/rc.d/rc.cups start #elif [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng ]; then # # Start LPRng (lpd): # . /etc/rc.d/rc.lprng start fi If /etc/rc.d/cups is executable, on KDE go on Peripherics, printers, above click with right-key of the mouse on AddPrinter, local Printer (parallel, serial, USB), Next, select USB Printer #1 (3550) if usb like in my case, click on other, and select file *.PPD of your printer downloaded and saved before from http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting , after on Next, Impostations, Next, Next, Next, Next, insert the name of the printer and after on end. 3???)Use lpr and apsfilter Once is installed the program apsfilter go in /usr/share/apsfilter and write ./SETUP and configure the printer. 4???)Print with OpenOffice with cups, Kde-Peripherics-Printers- OpenOffice Managements Printers If you don't try to print with OpenOffice, follow what is written: Uninstall the packet lp (execute like user root, pkgtool, go on remove and pull out in packet lpd-.......) Go into directory /usr/bin and write "ls -l lp*" and you can see that you will see many lp*; Do these liks (if they already exist or are not valid, delete them and recreate again): To delete them write: cd /usr/bin rm lp lpstat lpr lprm lpq To rewrite them: ln -s lp-cups lp ln -s lpstat-cups lpstat ln -s lpr-cups lpr ln -s lprm-cups lprm ln -s lpq-cups lpq At this point control that /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable (-rwxr-xr-x), if it is not, give "chmod 755 rc.cups", and after "/etc/rc.d/rc.cups start" Go here: http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting , download the PPD file (depend from the model of you printer) and save it in /usr/share/cups/model/ If /etc/rc.d/rc.cups is executable, on KDE go on Peripherics, printers, above click with right key of mouse on Add Printer, local printer (parallel, serial, USB), Next, select USB Printer #1 (3550) if usb like in my case, click on other and select file *.PPD of your printer downloaded and saved from http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting, after go on Next, Settings, Next, Next, Next, Next, insert the name of the printer and after click on end. From Kde go on OpenOffice Management Printers, remove the printer (if present a generic), click on NewPrinter, Add Printer, Import, Browser and go on directory /usr/share/cups/model/, select file PPD saved before, click on OK, reselect you printer on the list, Next, write lpr and at the end Finish. Select the printer and click on Properties and here set the parameters of the printer. On select command choice lpr and not cups (this is valid only for OpenOffice). Good print. -Doesn't start the printer driver??: Go in /etc/rc.d/rc.local and insert the following string: /usr/sbin/lpd and eventually if you use cups like driver of printer: cd /etc/rc.d/ chmod 755 rc.cups /rc.cups restart -Every time you login or start xterm you can see different writtens ?? chmod a-x /etc/profile.d/bsd* -Configure adsl Start the program adsl-setup and configure with few parameters required. To start the connection write: adsl-start To stop it write: adsl-stop -How install a file .rpm on slackware: rpm -i --nodeps --force file.rpm -How convert file .rpm in .tgz and .tar.gz rpm2tgz file.rpm rpm2targz file.rpm -Install, upgrade, uninstall file .tgz on slackware Beyond sware it's possible use the program (already automatically installed): pkgtool Or use the commands like below: installpkg file.tgz (To install a packet) removepkg file.tgz (To uninstall a packet) upgradepkg file.tgz (To update a packet) makepkg (create a packet compatible for slackware) explodepkg (unzip the packet into following directory) -Able all console (ctrl-alt-Fx) Edit file /etc/inittab and insert the number 4 like that: c1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty1 linux c2:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty2 linux c3:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty3 linux c4:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty4 linux c5:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty5 linux c6:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty6 linux When you have done the modify reboot the computer. -Able the server telnet: Uncomment the row relative at telnet in /etc/inetd.conf: # Telnet server: #telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd and after give the command: killall -HUP inetd -Able the reboot and halt at users: Install sudo-1.6.7p5-i486-1ok.tgz Insert these rows into file /etc/sudoers (eventually rename it): utente ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/poweroff utente ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot Substitute "utente" with the name of the user that you want that can give halt or reboot and write on xterm: sudo /sbin/poweroff sudo /sbin/reboot -Configure server Proftpd Enter into directory /etc/ and modify file inetd.conf Find 2 following rows and able the second: # File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server: ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd proftpd Save and exit from this file and enter into file /etc/proftpd.conf: Able or insert the following rows: ServerName "ProFTPD Default Installation" ServerType standalone ServerType inetd DefaultServer on RootLogin on (only if you want accept login like user root). Save file and reboot slackware. -Install server vsftpd Delete server proftpd con: removepkg proftpd Install vsftp con: installpkg vsftp*.tgz Go in /etc and configure file vsftpd.conf Add: listen=YES local_enable=YES write_enable=YES chroot_list_enable=YES ascii_upload_enable=YES ascii_download_enable=YES chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list Choice after the wished options. Create the directory empty: mkdir /usr/share/empty touch /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list At the end write: vsftpd & If you want the server ftp start at reboot, insert the string in: /etc/rc.d/rc.local 31b)UPDATED FEDORA IN EASY WAY Thanks to Gianni Giusti (giannigiusti@tiscali.it). I searched on Internet better web-sites that contained packets of fedora (also more weirds). Between them I selected repository fastest. Afterward I've installed the program Synaptic that is a graphic interface to apt-get. The result: now I've a program of installation programs (Synaptic) that download also the machine for coffee :-) Other that windows ... try it to believe. If you want to configure apt-get and synaptic with the list of repository that I'm using, you have to go ahead in this way (long but easily). 1)download and install the packet apt: http://ftp.freshrpms.net/pub/freshrpms/fedora/linux/1/apt/apt-0.5.15cnc3-0.1 fr.i386.rpm 2)Go under /etc/apt/ 3)Edit file sources.list and past the text below, deleting what already exist: # List of available apt repositories available from ayo.freshrpms.net. # This file should contain an uncommented default suitable for your system. # See http://ayo.freshrpms.net/ for a list of other repositories and mirrors. # $Id: sources.list.i386,v 1.3 2003/11/26 10:07:55 dude Exp $ # Fedora Linux 1 rpm http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 core updates freshrpms #rpm http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 tupdates #rpm http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 extras alternatives #rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 core updates freshrpms #rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 tupdates #rpm-src http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/1/i386 extras alternatives ### Dag Apt Repository for Red Hat Fedora Core 1 (rhfc1) rpm http://apt.sw.be redhat/fc1/en/i386 dag #newrpms.sunsite.dk rpm http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/apt/ redhat/en/i386/fc1 newrpms rpm-src http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/apt/ redhat/en/i386/fc1 newrpms rpm http://rpm.livna.org/ fedora/1/i386 stable unstable testing rpm-src http://rpm.livna.org/ fedora/1/i386 stable unstable testing rpm http://dries.studentenweb.org apt/fedora/fc1/i386 dries rpm-src http://dries.studentenweb.org apt/fedora/fc1/i386 dries 4) Go on terminal and stand on directory /tmp/ 5) Exec the following commands: wget http://dag.wieers.com/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY.dag.txt wget http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY wget http://newrpms.sunsite.dk/gpg-pubkey-newrpms.txt wget http://freshrpms.net/packages/builds/apt/RPM-GPG-KEY.freshrpms 6) Execute the command (always under /tmp/): rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY.dag.txt rpm --import RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY rpm --import gpg-pubkey-newrpms.txt rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY.freshrpms 7) Now execute the command (always from terminal): apt-get update -- in this way will be downloaded the list of packets available and the dependences 8) Now write the command: apt-get install synaptic In this way we are installing program Synaptic 9) Now go on first menu (red hat), go on menu "system tools" and start the application "Synaptic..." 10) The keys that you see in front of you are: "Update list" -> Update the list available on-line of packets downloaded "Upgrade system" -> update old packets "Execute" -> Install and uninstall the packets you have selected On the left is present a panel where you can insert the packet to install. The program shows you the packet, and says if it is already installed, the version, the version present on-line, etc... Now you have only to select and decide (by keys on left), if install it or uninstall it, etc ... 32b)UTILITY FIREFOX AND THUNDERBIRD -Java on Firefox Download java for linux and unzip for ex. in: /usr/local/ so you will have the directory: /usr/local/j2re1.4.2_05/ Install Firefox or Mozilla for ex. in: /usr/local/ so you will have the directory: /usr/local/Firefox/ Now copy the link in a file inside the directory plugin of Firefox. In my case I've done this command: ln -s /usr/local/j2re1.4.2_05/plugin/i386/ns610-gcc32/libjavaplugin_oji.so /usr/local/Firefox/plugins/ -Install plugin macromedia flash and fonts on Firefox. The installation has been done on Slackware 9.1 Download the plugin of macromedia flash from here: http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=Sh ockwaveFlash The version is: install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz Unzip it with (tar zxvf install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz) We install fonts urw. Download file urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2 (or next version) from web-site: ftp://ftp.izmiran.rssi.ru/pub/fonts/urw/ Unzip this file like that: cp urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2 /usr/X11/lib/fonts/Type1/ cd /usr/X11/lib/fonts/Type1/ bunzip urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar.bz2 tar xvf urw-fonts-1.0.7pre22.tar (over-write files that already exists) fc-cache We install fonts TrueType from Windows. cd /usr/X11/lib/fonts/TTF/ mkdir msttf Mount the partition of windows and we copy fonts on linux. cp -f /mnt/windows/fonts/ari*.ttf msttf/ fc-cache msttf We install also the fonts Times New Roman. cp -f /mnt/windows/fonts/times*.ttf msttf/ fc-cache msttf Now we enter into directory install_flash_player_6_linux just created and write: /flashplayer-installer Press 3 times Enter, digit the directory of browser, for ex. /usr/local/Firefox/ Lastly press key y and after key n The installation is over, close the browser if opened and re-open it. -Open Firefox from Thunderbird Go into directory Thunderbird of own home page (where is file called bookmarks.html), for ex: /home/.thunderbird/Default User/ue0y72hv.slt/ or /home/.thunderbird/default.wbu/ Enter into directory *efault* (it will be surely different from mine) and see if exist the file user.js, if doesn't exist create it and insert the following string at start: user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.http", "/usr/local/Firefox/firefox"); Modify it, second where is executable file Firefox. Close Thunderbird, if opened, re-open it, if now you click on link, Firefox will be opened. -Open link in differentes tab from Thunderbird in Firefox? (Thanks to Leone2000) It's a problem, but after hours of "googleggiamenti" I've prepared this: Put in ~/.thunderbird//user.js (if doesn't exist, create it): user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.http", "/usr/local/bin/firefox-start"); user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.https", "/usr/local/bin/firefox-start"); user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.ftp", "/usr/local/bin/firefox-start"); Afterward create in /usr/local/bin the script firefox-start that contain: #!/bin/bash ### the syntax -remote doesn't work if Thunderbird is already opened! ###/usr/local/firefox/firefox -remote "OpenURL($1,new-tab)" /usr/local/firefox/mozilla-xremote-client OpenURL\($1,new-tab\) if [ $? -gt 0 ]; then /usr/local/firefox/firefox $1 fi -Send email from Firefox, opening mail-manager. Create file user.js into directory: /yourhome/.mozilla/firefox/default..../ Insert inside the written: user_pref("network.protocol-handler.app.mailto", "/usr/local/Thunderbird/thunderbird"); Salve file, close the browser and the mail-administrator (in this case Thunderbird), re-open only Firefox and click on an email link. -Able Updates and upgrades for Firefox. Edit --> Preferences --> WebFeatures --> Click on written: Allow web sites to install the software and click on Allowed Sites. Insert these 2 links: update.mozilla.org http://www.mozilla.org Click on Allow. Click on OK, after again on OK, File --> Quit. Re-open Firefox, if high on right of the browser there is a white arrow inside a red circle, click on it and install the official patch of Firefox. 33b)USING TV WITH A ATI RADEON 7200 Thanks to: Leonardo Lorenzetti aka Leone2000 (leone2000 (at) inwind.it) Preamble: I've thought to write this post to help, who like me, have a ATI Radeon 7200 and want use the exit TV on Linux. I've searched a lot on Internet and I've seen that is not possible with ATI before series 9000 for many legal problems at macrovision & c. Well, I tried and I've done it and now I explain how Start: -Required I'm using it on Slackware 9.1 with kernel and Xfree86 of default, therefore respectively 2.4.22 for the kernel and 4.3.0 for Xfree86 -What we need. Firstly download drivers ati radeon of project gatos, I've downloaded ati-4.3.0-14.i386.tar.gz but sincerely I believe that it's not so necessary because drivers already present in Xfree86 4.3.0, for me, should be correct, however you find them here: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=12629 After we need a program called atitvout you can download here: http://www.stud.uni-hamburg.de/users/lennart/projects/atitvout/atitvout-0.4.tar.gz -Start Be sure that when X starts, it is configured with driver radeon. Da console start atitivout auto pal it's important that you do it with wire connected on tv and that tv is opened. Done this you'll see an error: "VBE call failed. Maybe this command is not supported by your graphics adapter? Did your parameters (if you specified some) really make sense? Please try all other available commands before complaining!" Don't consider it !! Now, you go on file of configuration /etc/X11/XF86Config and into section Device, change the Driver from radeon to vesa and furthermore add the following rows: Option "TVOut" "1" Option "TVStandard" "PAL-B" The final result must be like this: Section "Device" Identifier "Ati Radeon 7200" Driver "vesa" #Driver "radeon" Option "TVOut" "1" Option "TVStandard" "PAL-B" VideoRam 65536 EndSection -Ok, we've done At this point you have to reboot X with Ctrl+Alt+BS will do the magic . you will see the output on monitor and on tv .. while I'm writing, I'm watching a funny Gigi Proietti in "Febbre Da Cavallo" ahahahhah!!!! 34b)CONFIGURE GNOME -Configure gdm to have Reboot and Halt: From root open xterm and write: gdmsetup go on Security select show menu Action: if you want other options click also on 2 options below. Under General you can do also the login automatically for a user, etc... The configuration file of gdm is in /etc/X11/gdm /gdm.conf the interested rows for shutdown and reboot are: RebootCommand=/sbin/shutdown -r now;/usr/sbin/shutdown -r now HaltCommand=/usr/bin/poweroff;/sbin/poweroff;/sbin/shutdown -h now; /usr/sbin/shutdown -h now -Reduce the icons and open them only with one click of the mouse under gnome: Desktop Preferences, Management File, Preferences seen link icon. -List of opened windows on instruments crossbar: Right key on bar, Add panel, utility, windows lists. 35b)ICONS ON DESKTOP WITH WINDOWMAKER Thanks to Gianfranco Bertozzi member of ACROS Lug Versilia Lucca Massa-Carrara. email: gbertozzi@tiscali.it A problem of many users of windowmaker is that they can't put icons on desktop (peripherals and programs) like happens in KDE or in gnome. This little how-to resolve this missing. Download ad install filemanager rox You can find it on: http://rox.sourceforge.net When you have installed it, in X, start it from xterm (or another program) with the command: rox -p=Default Will appear on desktop the icon Home. drag it on Dock (the column where are the applications, for who doesn't know) and set the options so it will appear at start of wmaker. Right click on icon dock, after 'settings', click on 'start when windowmaker is started'. In this way, when wmaker will start, rox will appear under shape of icon on desktop and with relative big square on dock. Rox hasn't own icon for dock, so you will have to create one that you like. I've put /usr/X11R6/include/X11/pixmaps/fileman.xpm At this point open the window Home clicking on relative icon, and put the mouse within the window. Surfing between file, you can drag some file (of peripherals, of application, of date) on desktop and what will remain there. Rox supports the drag & drop between more windows, the possibility to drag a file on icon of relative application and positioning icons on desktop (whose beauty can be regulate on first menu, that is compare click in with right button of mouse on window of filemanager, 'desktop', 'dimension of the grid'). You can also create a waste basket (trash): you can create a little batch with: #move file in a directory without delete them mv $1 /path_per_mytrash/ or more destructive: #delete file without possibility to recover rm $1 and putting it on desktop. A icon for the trash is: /usr/X11R6/include/X11pixmaps/trash_empty.xpm To automatize the opening of default of some file, you have to click with right bottom of mouse on icon, ope menu at voice 'Impost action' and insert the command of shell (or the call to xterm with 'xterm -e commandname') followed from "$1" that is the parameter of the same file. If you click on 'Only for type.....' the application will be called only for files with the same extension. If instead we want apply it to all file of that type (for example 'text of all types'), you will have to click on the option. Note: if you work with Dos or Win partitions, or files have bit executable activated, won't be possible assign an application in this way. In that case we have two possibilities: (a) from first menu (like before) choice 'Options - Types' and click on bottom 'Ignore bit executable for known extensions'. This works on many cases. (b) If Rox didn't know the extension (for example: OpenOffice use extensions "sx.." instead "sd.." like before, and in my Rox it doesn't know them), then you have to click on 'Show rules transferring from name to type', edit the file: /usr/local/share/Choices/MIME-info/gnome-vfs.mime and insert new extensions. If application already exists (search it before insert it newly!) it's sufficient add new extensions, share from one space. This string add 'sxw' to 'sdw' of StarOffice already present: application/x-staroffice-words ext: sdw sxw Close all, reboot rox and you are ok ! Hint: read help, the is good enough. Right click on a window, option 'Window - shows help' or press F1 from inside Rox. The Manual.html' is what you need. 36b)AUTOMATE ONE OR MORE PROCEDURES WITH CRONTAB crontab -e Edit file crontab or creates new one if already doesn't exist crontab -l Shows file crontab crontab -r Remove file crontab crontab -v Show last time crontab has been edited minutes hours day of month month day of week (command to execute) 30 18 * * * ls -al Between numbers leave only 1 space. Crontab edited for that user, will exec a command only for that user, to exception of command root. To edit the file is like you were inside editor vi (see point 1c) Example: If at 21:15 of day January 19 you want that linux exec a command: 15 21 19 12 * dir It will be executed on 17:00 on first five days of every month 00 17 1-5 * * dir It will be executed at 21:35 of second day of the month of April (4), July (7) and October (11) 35 21 2 4,7,11 * dir For major detailes write: man crontab 37b)MOUNT PARTITION NTFS IN READ/WRITE Thanks to Gianni (nick Name KIO). New procedure regards distributions Fedora 5, Slackware 11, Suse 10.2, Debian testing/sid, Mandriva 2007 and Gentoo (sabayon). Old procedure regards distributions such as Fedora, Slackware and Debian etch. - NEW PROCEDURE: * On Fedora 5 Go on website http://fuse.sourceforge.net, download the pkg fuse-2.5.3.tar.gz and I unzip it: tar xvzf fuse-2.5.3.tar.gz I install it: cd fuse-2.5.3 /configure && make && make install after go on website http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html download the pkg and I unzip it: tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz Install it: cd /home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA /configure && make && make install mount the partition ntfs in read/write #mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win and bingooooooooooooooo! unmount it: umount /mnt/win And if I didn't want install the sources but the rpm so it would be more easy to remove them ?? What I have to do ? I download rpm of ckechinstall searching it from http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/ but I could use yum rpm -ivh checkinstall-1.6.0-3.fc3.rf.i386.rpm after I reenter inside 2 directories where I've downloaded both tar.gz and I give: cd /home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA /configure && make && checkinstall IMPORTANT:to mounting automatically at startup you need insert in /etc/fstab the following statement: /dev/hda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0 and the partition is mounted in read/write for all Disadvantages complained: nobody- avoid use in environment of production or in partitions containing sensible dates ! * PS1=On the guide by Moreno in which the problem is reversed, from Windows we write inside Ext3 linux partitions, the guide is here: http://www.mandrakeitalia.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=191 * PS2= A analogous guide for the distro slackware is available here http://www.slacky.it/wikislack/index.php title=Scrivere_su_filesystem_NTFS * PS3= Sure what the repos of livna activated now is truly so easy add to Fedora-6 the support to NTFS using: yum -y install ntfs-3g and it does all itself, after you can go on such as indicated above ! * On Slackware 11 and derived how we proceed ??? I follow my guide http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/NTFS.html the pkg fuse installed is 2.5.3 , I've only to upgrade it - I go on website http://fuse.sourceforge.net and I download new version fuse-2.6.0.tar.gz: tar xvzf fuse-2.6.0.tar.gz cd fuse-2.6.0 /configure && make && checkinstall after: upgradepkg fuse-2.6.0-i386-1.tgz after from website http://www.ntfs-3g.org/index.html I download the last version of drive ntfs-3g that I install it with method above seen: installpkg ntfs-3g-0.20061115-BETA-i386-1.tgz after: mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/win but I've a rough error: fuse:no such device while the module exists and is charged - what I have to do ??? on google I don't find anything, then I return back removing the pkg ntfs-3g-0.20061115-BETA-i386-1.tgz I search the previous driver on internet, I found it on http://gentoo.netnitco.net/distfiles that is not more available on http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz usual job: tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz cd ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA /configure && make && checkinstall installpkg ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA-i386-1.tgz mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/win and bingooooooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IMPORTANT:mounting automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab the following statement #/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0 and the partition is mounted in read/write for all To unmount the partition: #umount /mnt/win * On Suse 10.2? I follow my guide: http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/NTFS.html I install checkinstall: smart install checkinstall I go on website http://fuse.sourceforge.net and I download the pkg fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz I download it: tar xvzf fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz and I install it: cd fuse-2.6.1 /configure && make && checkinstall rpm -i fuse-2.6.1-1.i386.rpm rpm -ivh /usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/fuse-2.6.1-1.i386.rpm linux-suse:/home/kio/fuse-2.6.1 # modprobe fuse after I go on website http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html and I download the pkg and I unzip it: tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA.tgz I install it: cd /home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA /configure && make && checkinstall You will have this message: Done. The new package has been saved to /usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm You can install it in your system anytime using: rpm -i ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm rpm -ivh /usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/ntfs-3g-0.20070102-BETA-1.i386.rpm I try to mount:: mkdir /mnt/win mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win /sbin/mount.ntfs-3g: error while loading shared libraries: libntfs-3g.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory I restart computer, remount it but I have a rough error: fusermount: 'fuseblk' support missing; try the kernel module from fuse-2.6.0 or later Failed to create FUSE mount point. Retry to create FUSE mount point ... fusermount: 'fuseblk' support missing; try the kernel module from fuse-2.6.0 or later Failed to create FUSE mount point. umount /dev/hda1 while the module exists and is charged, what I've to do ?? see also: http://forum.ntfs-3g.org/viewtopic.php?t=14 then I return back and I remove the pkg ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA-i386-1.rpm I search a previous driver that works on internet I found it on su http://gentoo.netnitco.net/distfiles/ that is ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz that is not more available on http://xoomer.alice.it/lucky341/ntfs-3g-20070920-BETA.tgz same job, I restart:: mkdir /mnt/win mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win and bingoooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!!! IMPORTANT:mounting automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab the following statemant #/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0 and the partition is mounted in read/write for all To unmount the partition: #umount /mnt/win * On Debian testing/sid???????????????? on debian it's easy fuse is already installed by fuse util then: apt-get install ntfs-3g mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win IMPORTANT:mounting automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab the following statemant #/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0 and the partition is mounted in read/write for all To unmount the partition: #umount /mnt/win * On Mandriva -2007 ? rpm -qa fuse smart install fuse smart install ntfs-3g mkdir /mnt/win mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win umount /dev/hda1 mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win modprobe fuse mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/win I restart but the module is not charged then I add in /etc/modprobe.preload *********** # /etc/modprobe.preload: kernel modules to load at boot time. fuse # This file should contain the names of kernel modules that are # to be loaded at boot time, one per line. Comments begin with # a `#', and everything on the line after them are ignored. # this file is for module-init-tools (kernel 2.5 and above) ONLY # for old kernel use /etc/modules ************* after I have seen /etc/fstab to mounting automatically at boot of partition for all /dev/hda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g umask=0,rw,users 0 0 and bingooooooooooo!!!!! * On Gentoo(sabayon) ?? I go on website http://fuse.sourceforge.net and I download the pkg fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz and I unzip it: tar xvzf fuse-2.6.1.tar.gz and I install it: cd fuse-2.6.1 /configure && make && make install after I go on website http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfs-3g-download.html I download the pkg and I unzip it: tar xvzf ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA.tgz I install it: cd /home/kio/ntfs-3g-20070102-BETA /configure && make && cmake install even though later I saw that the driver ntfs3g, is presents in portage (and trying to install it I had an error) reboot mkdir /mnt/win mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/win IMPORTANT:mounting automatically at startup you need to insert in /etc/fstab the following statemant #/dev/sda1 /mnt/win ntfs-3g rw,user 0 0 and the partition is mounted in read/write for all To unmount the partition: #umount /mnt/win - OLD PROCEDURE: Thanks to Scrimieri about packet-programs called ntfsprogs that give a series of instruments to access on filesystem such as NTFS, I've mounted fast and easily on Fedora the partition Windows Ntfs in read/write, using FUSE, a new project to use filesystem in userspace, how ?? * On Fedora: I've been on web-site: http://www.linux-ntfs.org/content/view/19/37/ and I've downloades and installed the pkg: ntfsprogs-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm ntfsprogs-devel-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm ntfsprogs-fuse-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm ntfsprogs-gnomevfs-1.12.1-1.i586.rpm Later with yum, because a problem of dependences, I've installed: fuse-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm fuse-libs-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm at that point ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/win and bingooooo! I've created/deleted file inside filesystem ntfs of windows !!!!!!!!!!! * On Slackware? with an old trick I used rpm over-indicated, but the pkg more important is not exportable on slacky, that is: fuse-2.4.2-2.fc4.i386.rpm Doesn't work ! MAKEDEV FUSE :fails! Therefore what to do ?? I've been on web-site http://fuse.sourceforge.net/ and downloaded the tar.gz tar xvzf fuse-2.4.2.tar.gz cd fuse-2.4.2 /configure && make && make install I had already put files pkg inside directory /home/kio/ntfs therefore cd /home/kio/ntfs rpm -ivh *.rpm --nodeps and bingooooooooo! LATER ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/win and go!!!! : full mounted read/write! I believe that this is the final solution: easily, smart and sure ! TRY TO BELIEVE ! -if we don't want use rpm we can convert them in tgz with tool rpm2tgz! And on debian etch? Go ahead such as in Slackware! 38b)INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK AND ON USB STICK Thanks to Antonio Mori moore2@inwind.it to having written the first side (INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK) -INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK Procedure to install the distribution live based on slackware Slax. http://www.slax.org I preface that this distro is difference from slackware because it mounts new kernel 2.6.16 and new kde 3.5.3, moreover you can install inside it many programs used in office, network, security that you will find in side modules in the official web-site. Install these modules ie easily, one time downloaded them you have only to click above them and these will be installed alone. This is the procedure to install slax on hd. 1) insert cd of slax on computer and reboot 2) Once time distro is started in live modality (start also kde with startx) open a shell 3) From shell digit cfdisk ( partitioning tool) 4) Create a partition of 200 mb ( like minimum ) or of 1 gb and beyond like maximum ( better solution ). 5) I preface that the swap is optional but if you create it, it's better. 6) Once created two partitions, one for root and the other for swap, partitioning them with the following commands from shell: mkfs.ext2/dev/hdx for root ( hdx is the name of partition ) mkfswap /dev/hdx2 for swap ( hdx is the name of partition ) 7)download the script to install it on hd from here http://www.slax.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13296 Copy the script into root and start with ./namescript (I've called it slaxinstall) 9)Once time started, it will ask you the name of your partition where you will want to install it ex. mnt/hda1 etc. 10)At this point the distro will be installed on your hd at the end of the process digit liloconf and in modality expert install lilo where you want on mbr or on a floppy. Enjoy a lot, I sure you that it is a light and stable with all essential. - INSTALL SLAX ON USB STICK You have to work like user root Insert the usb stick and choising the correct device write: cfdisk /dev/sda (choice Bootable, Tye --> 0B W95 FAT32) , write the modifies and exit pull out the stick and insert it again (from now and after /dev/sda will be hd1 that is our usb stick) mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1 pull out the usb stick and insert it again mkdir /mnt/usb mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb/ Download iso version 6.0.7 (last version available in this moment) of slax from web-site: http://www.slax.org mkdir /slax mount -o loop slax-6.0.7.iso /slax/ (if you have error, you need to anable the loop on kernel or write modprobe loop and repeat the command) cp -fra /slax/* /mnt/usb/ This last version already has a script to install the bootloader in Linux and in Windows: cd /mnt/usb/boot/ ./bootinst.sh (or exec bootinst.bat on Windows) cd / && umount /mnt/usb/ (unomunt the device usb so you can use it immediately) If you want use your preferred bootlader such as lilo or grub (if you choice grub you can start also other operating systems beyond Slax), that is it will have at least a double function. - If you want having LILO like boot loader: cp vmlinuz /mnt/usb/ cp initrd.gz /mnt/usb/ cd .. mv isolinux.cfg syslinux.cfg Edit new file syslinux.cft and delete "boot/" near at initrd.gz and vmlinuz, don't delete the other boot/ present Save and exit from file syslinux.cfg cd / umount /mnt/usb syslinux -s /dev/sda1 Reboot the usb stick and set the bios, so you will can boot from this. - If you want having GRUB inside the usb-stick (so you will start other operating systems) mkdir -p /mnt/usb/boot/grub cp -f /boot/grub/* /mnt/usb/boot/grub grub root (hd1,0) setup (hd1) will show different writtens quit File device.map inside directory grub will have these rows, sda is the usb stick: (fd0) /dev/fd0 (hd0) /dev/hda (hd1) /dev/sda File menu.lst inside usb stick will have be composed from: timeout 5 default 0 color light-blue/red light-cyan/green title Archlinux root (hd1,1) kernel /boot/bzImage root=/dev/hda2 initrd /boot/initrd26.img title WinXP map (hd0) (hd1) map (hd1) (hd0) root (hd1,0) rootnoverify (hd1,0) makeactive chainloader +1 title SlaxUsb root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz max_loop=255 init=linuxrc load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 ramdisk_size=4444 root=/dev/ram0 rw initrd=/boot/initrd.gz Save the file and unmount the usb stick: cd /mnt umount usb Reboot the usb stick and set the bios, so you will can boot from this. 39b)DAMN SMALL LINUX ON USB STICK Thanks to Antonio Mori moore2@inwind.it : The procedure of damn small linux, a distro based on debian of 50 mb with many fundamental programs that you find inside big distros. This is the procedure of installation in few steps, anyone can do it. 1) Copy iso of damn small linux after having downloaded from official web-site on a cdrom 2) Insert you usb stick in your pc, you need only a pen of 128 mb 3) Insert cd with the isd of damn small linux into computer and start it on boot from cdrom 4) On desktop of damn small linux click in a empty point with right bottom of mouse 5) Apps>>Tools>>Install to USB pen drive>>For USB-HDD Pendrive at this point, it will be required the name device stick, digit sda at the second question type of card etc... Leave empty and pass beyond with Enter At required of keyboard digit it and voil??? the procedure is done after some minutes, you'll have the damn small linux on usb stick. Easy no ??? Try tro believe, it's more difficult to explain that do it. To start it from usb stick, you need only to boot from your computer is set on pen-hdd 40b)PARTITIONING'S CONCEPT OF HARD-DISK WITH REFEREMENT TO GNU LINUX Thanks to author Stefano Pardini http://www.viareggiolinux.org Linux User Group: ACROS http://www.lug-acros.org Preface: This guide is firstly dedicated to users that arrive from Windows's world and has been written to user can understand the concept of partitioning of hard-disk. This guide has been written to pure informative purpose, the operations written are only examples and they must be considered like them, so they don't have to be applied in reality ! The partitioning is an operation much delicate, in case of necessity ask to an expert. In any case the author will can be consider responsable for the practice application and/or professional of examples below written. What are partitions and because partitioning an hard-disk: The space available on hard-disk can be shared in partitions which one function how if it was one hard-disk. The partitions can be considered like the portions of a hard-disk independent between them and each provided of own file system. The partitioning can be exec for different purposes (for ex you could create a partition destined only to dates), in our case we'll analyze the creation of space on hard-disk so we will can install Gnu/Linux. Proceed with order and wee how it's possible share in partitions and how many we can create. One hard-disk contains a table of partitions with 4 voices. Each voice of table can be a primary partition or an extended partition, whose, nevertheless, can exist of them only one. An hard-disk can contain until 4 primary partitions or 3 primary partitions and 1 extended. The difference between primary partitions and extended is that the firsts can contain an operating system while the seconds, no. The limit of 4 partitions on hard-disk was passed time ago with the creation of extended partitions that can be destined to other shares of available space in drive (volumes) logics. These shares later must be identified. DOS for example, use identification with letters of alphabet. The limit of this method is that letters are only 26 (whose first 2, "a" and "b" are reserved to floppy). On scsi disks an extended partition can be fill until to 15 logic partitions, into hard-disk (e)ide can exist until 63. A particular of Linux is that can be installed on a primary partition and/or on logic partition. Linux identify in a different way the other logics volumes created inside a extended partition. What is MBR, dimensions, sectors, tracks, cylinders and cylinders's unity First to proceed it's opportune a minimum hint on master boot record and on physical structure of a hard-disk. The informations about partitioning of a hard-disk are on first sector, that is the first sector of first track of first surface of hard-disk. This sector is called master boot sector (MBR) and it's the sector that BIOS of mother board reads and starts when the computer is opened. The master boot record contains a little program that read that table of partitions, controls which partition is active (that is which is marked as startable) and reads the first sector of that partition, that is the boot sector (sector of start). The boot sector contains a little program that read the first side of operating system contained in that partition (always that is startable) and starts it. The dimensions of partitions are marked in unity of cylinders. Every partition has a cylinder at begin and a final cylinder, that determine the dimension. When you create a partition, you need to know only the cylinder at start. To do an example and to clear the structure of a hard-disk, I show you the output of fdisk done on hdd on my notebook (fdisk is a program to partition the hard-disk much diffused and known): Disk /dev/hda: 40.0 GB, 40007761920 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4864 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1516 12177238+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/hda2 1517 4864 26892810 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/hda5 1517 1909 3156741 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/hda6 1910 1978 554211 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/hda7 1979 3000 8209183+ 83 Linux /dev/hda8 3001 3891 7156926 83 Linux /dev/hda9 3892 4864 7815591 83 Linux You can see my hard-disk is a hdd of 40.0 GB, has 255 heads, 63 sectors/tracks, 4864 cylinders. The dimension calculated in unity of cylinders is of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes. The first partition of disk starts at first cylinder and finish at cylinder 1516 and it's primary partition on that is installed a file system NTFS, the second partition is an extended partition that start al cylinder 1517 and finish at cylinder 4864. Inside the extended partition there are logics volumes, clearly identifiable. As you can see the logic volumes have different file system, second their destination. It's clearly visible that first logic volume starts at cylinder 1517 and finish at cylinder 1909 and also here it's has been installed a file system NTFS. The following volumes are assigned to Linux. Ho create the space for Linux and the choice of file system We will analyze the case of creation of space on hard-disk in a computer with only one hard-disk and a single primary partition where is the operating system Windows. When you want install Linux on a hard-disk where already exists an operating system (the common case is Windows), will be necessary reduce the actual partition to create a new one in the future. This operation is much mild, it's advice having a backup of own dates before to proceed, so you will can restore in case something wrong will happen (for ex. partitions broken). There are many programs to reduce, create and remove partitions, if you are not expert, I advice to use a program user friendly that has an help-guide well realized and incomprehension. The choice is not easy and the advice is that to read up well with the help of Internet first to decide what is the better solution. If you prefer, you can use a commercial program. Some Linux distributions have own partitioning-tool with graphic, and is a good idea using that is given from the system, in case this does something of special that other programs don't do. They have other using-guides, but can be result difficult for users that begin now. Often these software, try to create without problem the needed partitions at installation, in case they don't find space "not assigned". Having free space means to reduce that exists, leaving the space "not assigned". Now we do an example the clear better this concept. We suppose having a hdd of 80 GB whose are busy 10 (attention I've written "busy" and I've not written "not assigned"). The other 70GB will can be quietly used to continue to work with actual operating system as much as to install a new operating system, this because Linux can survive without problems with Windows. Continuing work with Windows will be necessary leave it some space for installation of other programs and for own dates. We suppose hence to reduce (with a partitioning program) our partition from 80GB to 40GB leaving 40GB of space "not assigned". With this operation will have two things: 1)We will have 40GB of space not assigned to create new partitions for Linux 2)We will leave to Windows 40GB of space whose 10GB are already busy and 30GB are free to used them to work without problems. At this point you could already proceed with installation of our distribution Linux (for example, Mandriva, Suse, Ubuntu). If we want start the tool of partitioning of one of these partitions automatically, we can consider our work over, because this tools try to create automatically the partitions when they find space "not assigned" on disk, such as we told before. In case we want to partition manually, we will proceed to determinate the choices of partitioning second our needs and preferences. Who want to delve the argument of manually choice it's important read the following chapter on choice of file system and on representation of partitions in Linux. After that, we will see how create into space "not assigned" of 40GB an extended partition that will contain in its turn three logic partitions for installation of Linux, whose one partition of swap, one root and one home for all users and their dates. Devices and file system seen from GNU/Linux: Representation of partitions in GNU/Linux About hard-disk (e)ide, the readers cdrom-dvd and burners, they are represented like that: Primary Master: /dev/hda Primary Slave: /dev/hdb Secondary Master: /dev/hdc Secondary Slave: /dev/hdd Floppy Disk is represented such as: /dev/fd0 Disks SCSI: /dev/sdx ('x'=letter from a to p, for example /dev/sda) Also disks Sata are identified with: /dev/sdx. If you have a hard-disk type (e)ide will be /dev/hda and the first primary partition will represented such as /dev/hda1, for the other partitions will have values from 1 to 4, while if the partition is logic will be used values from 5. If you have a hard-disk ype Sata will be /dev/sda and the first primary partition will be represented such as /dev/sda1, for the other partitions will be used values from 1 to 4, while if the partition is logic will be used values from 5. Types of file system Now a brief description of file systems more famous and used: FAT and NTFS The file system fat and ntfs belong to systems Microsoft and are used for installation of their operating systems. EXT2 Ext2 was born at start of Linux and comes from Extended File System. This file system has been implemented on April 1992 and integrated in Linux 0.96c. Later the Extended File System has been modified more times and such as Ext3 has been for years more named file system of Linux. With arrive of journaling File system and the quickly which they exec a rescue, Ext2 lost its importance. Despite today some prefer work with this file system for its incredible stability; Ext3 Ext3 has been developed from Stephen Tweedie and it is based instead on Ext2. Both file system are almost equals between them. Their first difference is that Ext3 supports the journaling. Ext3 offers an easy upgrade and extremely reliable from Ext2. The other advantages are reliables and performances. Based on solid base of Ext2, Ext3 has become during the time a file system acclaimed. The reliable and the stability are conjugated with the advantages of a journaling file system; ReiserFS ReiserFS was born from Hans Reiser and from equipe of developers Namesys, it is a valid alternative to Ext2. Its major point of strong are better manage of memory of hard-disk, better accessibility to hard-disk and fast rescue after a crash of the system. In Reiserfs dates come organized in a tree-structure. The tree-structure contributes to use better the memory of hard-disk, in fact little files can be memorized on the same bloc, instead to be memorized somewhere else and to have to manage the punter on the effective localization. Because Reiserfs supports the journaling in case of crash of the system, the use of journal reduces times of verifying also in case of big file system in few seconds; JFS JFS, the Journaling File System, has been developed from IBM for AIX. In the summer of 2000 went out the first beta version of JF for Linux. The version 1.0 has been released on 2001. JFS has been used in server environment with an high quickly of transferring of dates (throughput). Been a file system at 64 bit, JFS supports big files and partitions (LFS that is Large File Support), feature that qualify it for server environment; XFS XFS was born at start of years '90 like journaling file system at 64 bit to high performances, it is comparable at modern journaling file systems. XFS is used for file of a certain dimension and has good performances on hardware high-end. Appendix Journaling The journaling is a technology used from many modern file system to preserve the integrity of dates from falls of electric-tension. Journaling is a technology that becomes from database-world. I advice you to delve for your knowledge the concept of journaling, you will fine on Internet different sources on this matter. Try with a search-engine on Internet. Manual partitioning of hard-disk Told this we return on our hard-disk and we see how we can create manually the partitions needed to install a system Linux on our hard-disk. We told that reducing our primary partition from 80 GB to 40 GB, we will have 40 GB of space "not assigned" to create in it the partitions. That is, if you remember well, at start I've written that Linux can be installed also in a logic partition, the first thing to do will be to create an extended partition, that inside it will contain later the logic partitions. Once time created the extended partition we will create inside it three logic partitions, a partition of swap (the swap is used from kernel to broaden the available memory and not to memorize some files), a root partition and at the end a home for all users and dates. We say that in 40 GB, a good choice could be to act in this way: 1) reserver to swap, the double of dimensions of you ram; 2) create a root partition of 10 GB; 3) dedicate the rest of space to home for users and for dates; The choice of number and type of partitions, as well as of their dimensions, depend from many factors and often from own personal tastes. If you have chosen a software for Windows to reorganize-create you partitions for Linux, you reduce the primary partition of your hard-disk, later create the extended partition and the logic partitions, at the end reboot so the modifies will be effectives and after proceed with the installation of your new operating system GNU/Linux. During installation you will have to indicate to Linux to use the partitions that you had created previously. If instead you want manually partitioning with a partitioning-tool of you distribution that you have chosen to try, read well the relative documentation. The manually partitioning would assume a certain knowledge of different types of file system and their methods of creation, as well as of mounting of file system, to start without know what you are doing is warmly not advised, if you have not the bases to exec quietly these operations, it's better leave to do all in automatic, limiting itself to free some space "not assigned". In alternative you can contact a Linux User Group to ask help, surely you will find someone available to give you a hand and useful advices. Appendix Advices save-dates for all new users and not ..... If you want try Linux in all quietly remember that you can always do it, rebooting your computer with a LiveCD, if you want install Linux on your computer, entrust yourselves to an expert and don't proceed without before having done a backup of your dates ! Enjoy with GNU/Linux... 41b)IMPROVE FONTS OF GNOME ON UBUNTU Who has a monitor LCD, I've found a tutorial on how improve the read of fonts of Gnome on Ubuntu, I summarize it here (open a shell and write sudo -i followed from you password): 1) Insert into file sources.list the following repository: deb http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu edgy fonts deb-src http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu edgy fonts 2) certify them with: gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-key D0AFFF5E937215FF gpg -a --export D0AFFF5E937215FF | sudo apt-key add - 3) write "apt-get update" 4) download the packets libcairo2 e libxft2 5) give a good: sudo "dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig-config" and answer like that to the questions: 1) Native; 2) Always; 3) No if you haven't fontconfig-config download it with: apt-get install fontconfig-config 6) At the end on our Home create the following file like that: gedit ~/.fonts.conf Attention that contain these following strings: rgb true hintfull true Reboot GNOME and you will see better improvements. 42b)ADD OR CONFIGURE A PRINTER Distro usually have already installed cups, in case do it (depend from you distro, in Archlinux you have to install the packet: pacman -S cups and later insert the written cups in /etc/rc.conf between demos to start at boot of operating system. You can also start it by hand, or insert the command into file rc.local (it's like an autoexec for Linux), otherwise control what you have to do because the distro are different like so the configuration. Once time install and started, you have to configure the printer or directly from cups or using the tool printers from Kde. Connect to internet and on browser write http://www.linuxprinting.org/ or http://www.freestandards.org/en/OpenPrinting after click on Printer Listings, select the brand and the model of your printer, click later on download PPD and download the file in /usr/share/cups/model/ Login as user root: You have 2 methods to configure the printer, using the browser with cups, or using the tool of Kde. 1) From Cups http://localhost:631/ Click on Administration and Add Printer, on name insert the name of printer, (es. hp610c), choice on Device (the port where is attached the wire-printer), yet on continue, on (Or Provide a PPD File:) select file ppdf in /usr/share/cups/model/HP-DeskJet_610C-hpijs.ppd and at the end click on (Add Printer). Click on Printers and configure manually the printer (print format, color o white and black, etc ....) 2) From Kde Click on Settings, Printers, and after on window "Configure", control that is selected the daemon of print CUPS and at the end click on Add Printers, click on Next, select for example "Local Printer", select the port whose is attached the printer, after on Next, click above on Other and select the file .ppd that you have downloaded previously, after on Next. At this point you can decide if configure already the printer or later, click on Next and give the name to the printer and click on End. 43b)CONFIGURE SOUNDCARD By now all actual distributions have drivers alas already installed, in case follows the instructions. To install drivers alsa (alsa-lib alsa-oss alsa-utils alsaplayer alsa-plugins) under Archlinux we should write the command: pacman -S alsa-lib alsa-oss alsa-utils alsaplayer alsa-plugins If you use another distribution, you have to use the correct command of installation, for example under Debian we should use apt-get, under OpenSuse we should use yast, etc...... Now hit the command: alsamixer and setting the levels of audio output (press the key Esc to exit). Save the settings writing the command: alsactl store If values have not been saved after reboot, restart alsamixer and setting the values, save newly with the command "alsactl store" and insert this last command in file rc.local. Reboot linux, now should be all ok. 44b)CONVERT FILE FROM MP4 TO MP3 ffmpeg -i file.mp4 -f mp3 -ab 128 -vn newfile.mp3 Shell script to convert all files inside a directory from mp4 to mp3 #!/bin/bash for x in ls -1 *.mp4 do ffmpeg -i $x -f mp3 -ab 128 -vn $x.mp3 done 45b)PDFUNITE HOW UNITE MORE PDF FILES pdfunite files1.pdf files2.pdf final.pdf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++PROGRAMS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1c)VI AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES VI vi filename = to create or open (if already exist) a file Press in sequence the keys to make these operations: key (i) to start to write and hence enter in text-modality. key esc : w key Enter to save the file key esc : w (file name) to save the file with name chosen key esc : q key Enter to exit from vi key esc : q! to exit without save -Search a word o row in a file: Press Esc:/word_to_search To search the same word press the letter n on keyboard. -Copy an entire row: Press Esc, go on the row and write 2 times y, place yourself where you want to past the text selected and press key p -Copy 2 or more rows Press Esc, place yourself on the row and write y1, place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key p If the rows are 3 write y2, if the rows are 4 press y3 etc ..... -Copy the first word of a row near the cursor Press Esc, place yourself on the row and write yw, place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key p -Copy the first 3 words in a row near the cursor Press Esc, place yourselft on the row and write y2w, place yourself where you want pass the text selected and press key p -Move to a specific row, for example the 5??? Press Esc:5 Enter or Press Esc5 Enter -Delete the current row Press Esc dd -Cut the current row and past it Press Esc dd placeyourself where you want past the text selected and press key p -Delete next 4 rows Press Esc d3 -Cut next 3 rows and past them Press Esc d3 place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key p -Delete the current word Press Esc dw -Cut the current word and past it Press Esc dw place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key p -Deleted next 3 words Press d3w -Cut next 3 words and past them Press Esc d3 place yourself where you want past the text selected and press key p -Substitute a word with another word (windows with linux) Press Esc:%s/windows/linux or Press Esc:%s/windows/linux/gc % searc in all document s is the command of substitution g says to search every occurrence of the expression to replace c asks confirm before of substitution -How insert the braces {} ? Use the keys AltGr-7 and AltGr-0 (zero) EMACS -To save the file modified press CTRL+x+CTRL+s -To save the file modified with another name press CTRL+x+CTRL+w -To exit from file press CTRL+x+CTRL+c -How move the cursor Press keys with the arrows on keyboard or ctrl f moves the cursor ahead ctrl b moves the cursor back ctrl n moves the cursor to next line ctrl p moves the cursor to previous line -Other commands ctrl k delete the line where is the cursor ctrl y permit to return back to the previous operations ctrl g stop what are you doing ctrl j moves toward below the text beneath after the cursor ctrl s permit to search of the text (write below the word to search) Esc info Esc x (press later 2 times the bar on keyboard) -How insert the braces {} ? Use keys AltGr-7 e AltGr-0 (zero) 2c)FAX WITH EFAX To send and receive fax you can use efax, you can find it in all distro, or download it from Internet, in this moment the version is: efax-0.9.tar.gz Unzip the file and write: make make install You need only to modify the script /etc/fax.conf or /usr/bin/fax going to modify these rows. DEV=modem or ttyS1 or cua0 (I have the modem on com1) FROM=123456789 (write the number of telephone) NAME=Panther (name sender) PAGE=a4 PRTYPE=ps PRCMD=lpr (or lp0, the command with which usually you print) DIALPREFIX=T (T to tones, P to impulses) TELCVT='sed -e s/+39// -e s/+/00/' (insert this row) INIT="-iZ -i&FX3E&D2S7=120 -i&C0" Save the file and reboot the computer. Now it's possible send and receive fax Send a fax: fax send n.telephone filetosend (to send an attachment) Ex: fax send 061234567 /root/prova.txt Receive a fax: efax -d /dev/ttyS1 -w -is0=1 2>&1 >>fax.log (to receive fax) [ /dev/ttyS1 is com1 and 1 is the number of rings before of the receive (will be created file 001 002 into the same directory)] To show a fax: Use OpenOffice to show the files *.001 *.002 fax view (to show the fax sent) Graphic program to manage efax. On Slackware 9.1 install the following packets, you need only to go on http://www.linuxpackages.net/ and on search insert for ex.(gtkmm, libgtkg, libsigc) efax-gtk-2.2.6-i686-1.tgz gtkmm-2.2.8-i686-1.tgz libgtkglextmm-1.0.1-i686-1bux.tgz libsigcplusplus-1.2.5-i686-1bux.tgz Launch the program executing: efax-gtk 3c)CREATE AND BURN CD AND DVD CD With kernel 2.4 doing cdrecord -scanbus, my cdrom (scd0) is 0,0,0 and my burner ((scd1)) is 0,1,0 With kernel 2.6 doing cdrecord -scanbus, my cdrom (sr0) is 0,0,0 and my burner (sr1) is 1,0,0 Ahead some examples are with kernel 2.4. If you are a generic user and you want to have adapted permissions, write: chmod u+s /usr/bin/cdrecord If you want burner a certain speedly you need only to insert near cdrecord the following line: -speed=4 if you want to burn at 4x If doesn't work: -speed=4 use --speed=4 Doesn't inserting this string, you will burn at max fastly possible. -Get traces audio from cd to put them in a directory. Insert cd and move inside /mnt/cdrom and give: cdda2wav -D0,0,0 -t 1 -B -x (eventually change the number 1 with number of trace from which we desire get the file .wav) or cdparanoia -B -Burn audio traces. You can burn almost 780-790 mega of files .wav with a cd from 700 mega. kernel 2.4 cdrecord -v -dev=0,1,0 -overburn -eject -audio audio*.wav kernel 2.6 cdrecord -v -dev=1,0,0 -overburn -eject -audio audio*.wav or cdrecord -v -dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn -eject -audio audio*.wav -Create an image ISO mkisofs -v -D -J -R -T -o image.iso /directory with files you want to burn. It's possible to control the file image.iso if has been created correctly, writing: mkdir /mnt/prova mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=/dev/loop0 image.iso /mnt/prova umount /mnt/prova -Burn image ISO kernel 2.4 cdrecord -v dev=0,1,0 -overburn -eject -data image.iso kernel 2.6 cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -overburn -eject -data image.iso or cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn -eject -data image.iso -Cd bootable we will create iso of OpenBsd and we'll burn it. The important thing is select file of start the usually would be into floppy, in our case is floppy39.fs, therefore with this method we can download full distributions linux downloading also the image of floppy with which the cd will auto-boot. (we assume that files have been downloaded from http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/i386/ and that they are into directory /scarico/openbsd/, move already inside in this directory directory) mkhybrid -b floppy39.fs -c boot.catalog -l -J -L -r -o openbsd39.iso * kernel 2.4 cdrecord -v dev=0,1,0 -eject -data openbsd39.iso kernel 2.6 cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -eject -data openbsd39.iso or cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1 -eject -data openbsd39.iso -Burn different times (remember to put always a subdirectory) Create the first session of a cd multi-session mkisofs -R -r -J -D -l -T -v -o /1/2/isoimage.raw /directorywherearefiles && cdrecord -v dev=0,1,0 -multi /1/2/isoimage.raw Create second session. cdrecord -msinfo dev=1,0 (you will get numbers like 0,11702 that is the first trace from sector 0 to sector 11702) mkisofs -o isoimage_2.raw -R -C 0,11702 -M /dev/scd1 /directwherearefiles && cdrecord -v -speed=4 dev=1,0 -eject -multi isoimage_2.raw For next sessions you need only to change numbers that require the option -C using option msinfo of cdrecord -Clean a cd rewritable kernel 2.4 cdrecord -eject dev=1,0 blank=fast ( I've the burner 0,1,0 ) kernel 2.6 cdrecord -eject dev=1,0,0 blank=fast ( I've the burner 1,0,0 ) or cdrecord -eject dev=/dev/sr1 blank=fast ( I've the burner 1,0,0 ) The option fast is more fast while option all is more slow but complete. -Burn image ISO (for example a distribution in size ISO) kernel 2.4 cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -overburn -eject mandriva.iso kernel 2.6 cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -overburn -eject mandriva.iso or cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn -eject mandriva.iso -Copy on the fly from cd to cd (only dates) kernel 2.4 cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -overburn -eject -isosize /dev/scd0 kernel 2.6 cdrecord -v dev=1,0,0 -overburn -eject -isosize /dev/sr1 or cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr1 -overburn -eject -isosize /dev/sr1 -Copy on the fly from cd to cd (only audio) write all on the same line kernel 2.4 cdrdao copy --driver generic-mmc --on-the-fly --device 0,1,0 --eject --overburn --source-device 0,0,0 --source-driver generic-mmc --fast-toc --paranoia-mode 0 kernel 2.6 cdrdao copy --driver generic-mmc --on-the-fly --device 1,0,0 --eject --overburn -source-device 0,0,0 --source-driver generic-mmc --fast-toc --paranoia-mode 0 or cdrdao copy --driver generic-mmc --on-the-fly --device /dev/sr1 --eject --overburn -source-device /dev/sr0 --source-driver generic-mmc --fast-toc --paranoia-mode 0 -Copy a distribution Linux mkisofs -a -l -J -R -T -v -b path/ImageStart -c path/FileCatalogue path=/ DVD You need to install dvd+rw-tools Create an image ISO: mkisofs -r -o /image.iso /directory/ Write image ISO on dvd: growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=/image.iso Add dates on the same dvd: growisofs -M /dev/dvd /tmp/myfile.1 Delete dvd: dvd+rw-format -force /dev/dvd (fast) dvd+rw-format -force=full /dev/dvd (full) Diplay the information about dvd: dvd+rw-mediainfo /dev/dvd -Copy a dvd (text way). NOT DEFINITIVE. Download and install streamdvd and streamanalyze from here: http://www.badabum.de/streamdvd.html Install also the program dvdauthor and growisofs. Once time installed them go in /usr/local/bin/ and copy 2 files in /usr/bin/ Insert the dvd into reader dvd and write: streamanalyze -i /dev/scd0 -t 1 -s -s 0xe0,0x80 mkdir /film Put the audio and the subtitles in english and italian. dvdauthor -a en,it -s en,it -o /film -f 'streamdvd -i /dev/scd0 -f 1.192 -t 1-s0xe0,0x80|' dvdauthor -T -o /film Insert dvd to burn and write: growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/scd1 -J -dvd-video -V TitleFilm /film -Ripping dvd (Prefix n01: ripping of dvd, that is to reverse audio and video of dvd on one or more cd/file, can be a form of pirate if done to get money of sell them; we don't want enter in merit "etic" of this thing, do ripping only of dvd you are owner and however, the copy must be done on for personal purpose. My limit is only to say what is possible to do, I don't want, with this, encourage some type of pirate. Prefix n02: I've not rip many dvd in my life, hence these informations could be not completeor not working for someone, apologize me and eventually tell me (leone2000 at inwind.it) all the modify that you have done to improve this document, thanks ! ;-)) The ripping of dvd with mencoder (the other program of the suite of mplayer) is an operation relatively easy and immediate but the program has at disposition many options that, opportunely used, can do the difference for your ripping; therefore first ripping a dvd I advice to read, quietly, the manual (man mencoder) and to search all possible documentation on Internet. Can be useful this page gotten from html in line: http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/it/encoding.html We'll create file movie.avi that is a file that contain all our film (???Ronin???, regularly bought in France ;-) ) and it's compressed with format DivX 4. FASE 1: Extraction of trace audio Also with mencoder we can get the traces audio that we are interested in: the program create a file called obligatorily frameno.avi that will contain only the trace audio eventually chosen by parameter -aid (otherwise it taks first available) mencoder dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi -aid 128 mencoder dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi -aid 128 (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). (where -oac specify the driver audio to use (lame), -o is the file of output). At the end of this operation we control what says mencoder with its output about at bitrate to code video to use: Recommended video bitrate for 650MB CD: 650 Recommended video bitrate for 700MB CD: 710 Recommended video bitrate for 800MB CD: 831 Recommended video bitrate for 2 x 650MB CD: 1431 Recommended video bitrate for 2 x 700MB CD: 1551 Recommended video bitrate for 2 x 800MB CD: 1791 We assume to do only 1 cd of 700MB therefore we will use ???710???. MIDDLE FASE: pull out area of crop In the major side of film in 16/9 we have black bands above and below the image (called area of crop), to save space on disk it's convenient to pull out those bands therefore we find area of crop: mplayer dvd://1 -vf cropdetect -dvd-device /dev/hdd or mplayer dvd://1 -vf cropdetect -dvd-device /dev/sr0 (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). on console from which we have launched this command, while slides the film, we will have of output continue such as: crop area: X: 0..718 Y: 76..502 (-vop crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0% crop area: X: 0..718 Y: 76..502 (-vop crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0% crop area: X: 0..718 Y: 76..502 (-vop crop=718:426:0:76)9% 3.1% 31 0 0% From these rows we deduce which is area of crop and at this point control again (almost) what is correct taking the value ???crop=...??? from output whose above: mplayer --vf crop=718:426:0:76 dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd or mplayer --vf crop=718:426:0:76 dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). At this point we need to take the dimensions of video and reorganize to maintain the proportions (having intention to pull out the area of crop): mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd or mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). In the output of this program (visible in console) you can find a row such as this: VIDEO: MPEG2 720x576 (aspect 3) 25.000 fps 9780.0 kbps (1222.5 kbyte/s) 720x576 is the size of our image, from this we have to pull out the area of crop given from format 16/9 therefore we multiply the resolution vertical for 16/9 therefore: 576 * 9 / 16 = 324 that will give our new resolution: 720 X 324. At this point we can proceed to encode video that is will be fast: FASE 2 (vpass=1): the command (all on a row !) for the first step will be: mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/hdd -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=710 -vop scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi or mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=710 -vop scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi (with kernel 2.6 ricompiled). #With alang you will decide the language of file avi, you can add also -slang it,en (subtitles in Italian or English). FASE 3 (vpass=2): the command (all on one row!) for the second step will be: mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/hdd -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=710 -vop scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi or mencoder dvd://1 -alang it,en -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=710 -vop scale=720:324,crop=720:426:0:76 -o movie.avi (with kernel 2.6 ricompiled). #With alang you will decide the language of file avi, you can add also -slang it,en (subtitles in Italian or English). The file created (movie.avi) will contain the dvd and audio, will be possible see it again with Mplayer or it will can be burned also such as videocd, at second that the program of burning permit it. 4c)FAX WITH HYLAFAX Download hylafax (in this moment the current version is hylafax-4.1.7.tar.gz), such as root user unzip it and install it: tar zxvf hylafax-4.1.7.tar.gz /configure && make && make install All files will be copied here: /var/spool/hylafax/ Turn-on the modem. Once installed like root user start from xterm: faxsetup and once completed, launched: faxaddmodem Will be required some informations, you will can change them later going to modify files that you find in /var/spool/hylafax/etc, overall files config and config.ttySx My file config is composed like that: LogFacility: daemon CountryCode: 039 AreaCode: 0583 LongDistancePrefix: 0 InternationalPrefix: 00 DialStringRules: etc/dialrules ServerTracing: 1 My file config.ttyS1 is composed at least at start like that: CountryCode: 039 AreaCode: 0583 FAXNumber: 12345678 # I've changed my number of telephone. LongDistancePrefix: 0 InternationalPrefix: 00 DialStringRules: etc/dialrules ServerTracing: 1 SessionTracing: 11 RecvFileMode: 0600 LogFileMode: 0600 DeviceMode: 0600 RingsBeforeAnswer: 3 SpeakerVolume: on GettyArgs: "-h %l dx_%s" LocalIdentifier: "NothingSetup" TagLineFont: etc/lutRS18.pcf TagLineFormat: "From %%l|%c|Page %%P of %%T" MaxRecvPages: 25 Perfect, now you have only to write at the end of file /etc/inittab the following string: mo:35:respawn:/usr/local/sbin/faxgetty /dev/ttyS1 # I've my modem on com2 and hence ttyS1 If you want able all clients of your lan and send fax modify the file: /var/spool/hylafax/etc/hosts.hfaxd writing how is following: localhost 192.168.1 #I have the computer with ip 192.168.1.1 and hence the lan of belonging will be how I've written. Now is possible send fax writing: hylafax start && faxmodem ttyS1 You can insert this string at the end of file /etc/rc.d/rc.local so, it will be sent at restart of computer without doing write the row every time. To send a fax write: sendfax -n -d telephonenumber file If you want use a graphic client on linux, download gnu.hylafax (works on java), or pyla1.0.7.tgz (works on python) or for computers with Windows Operating System download Whfc or winflex. About pyla, you need to unzip it (tar zxvf pyla1.0.7.tgz) and to launch it, write: python /yourhome/pyla/pyla.py 5c)MANAGE PACKETS ON DISTRIBUTIONS -ARCHLINUX File of sources: /etc/pacman.conf Update sources: pacman -Sy Update the system: pacman -Su Update sources and system: pacman -Syu Clean up all packets in cache: pacman -Scc pacman -A packet.tar.gz (install a new packet) pacman -U packet.tar.gz (update a packet) pacman -R packet (remove a packet) pacman -Q (list packets installed) pacman -Q packet (controll if it's installed a packet) pacman -Qi packet (informations about a specified packet) makepkg PKGBUILD && pacman -A file.pkg.tar.gz -DEBIAN WITH .DEB (thanks to Leonardo Lorenzetti of Lug Acros). File of sources: /etc/apt/sources.list Update sources: apt-get update Update packets: apt-get upgrade or apt-get dist-upgrade (more "powerful") Install a packet: apt-get install Remove a packet: apt-get remove Search a packet: apt-cache search (after apt-get update) See what is a packet: apt-cache show Install dpkg -i nameofpacket.deb Remove the packet dpkg -r nameofpacket.deb Purge dpkg -P nameofpacket.deb (Purge means remove file about the packet.deb). -SLACKWARE CON .TGZ installpkg file.tgz (install packet.tgz) removepkg file.tgz (uninstall packet.tgz) upgradepkg file.tgz (upgrade packet.tgz) makepkg file (create a packet Slackware compatible) rpm2tgz file.rpm (create packet.tgz from a file.rpm) rpm2targz file.rpm (create packet .tar.gz from a file .rpm) explodepkg file (extract the contained of packet inside current directory) pkgtool is the program used by default on Slackware to manage the packets. To resolve the dependences is possible to install and use programs such as swaret and slackpkg. -REDHAT, FEDORA .RPM Install rpm -ivh nameofpacket.i386.rpm Uninstall rpm -e nameofpacket Update rpm -Fvh nameofpacket.i386.rpm -OPENSUSE To install/uninstall/update the software use yast or yast2 -MANDRIVA To install/uninstall/update the software use graphic program rpmdrake, to uninstall it use rpmdrake-remove From shell instead it's possible use urpmi to install software, urpme to uninstall software. -VALID FOR ALL DISTRIBUTIONS LINUX If you have a packet .tar.gz and you want install it, the classic method is to unzip it and install it (I remember to read always the file README or INSTALL inside the directory just created after unzipping of file). tar zxvf file.tar.gz (unzipping) cd file (enter inside directory) /configure make make install (to install the packet) make clean (clean the directory from files temporary) make uninstall (to uninstall the packet) 6c)MANAGE LINUX WITH WEBMIN This has been done under Archlinux. Install webmin, apache and openssl like that: pacman -S webmin pacman -S apache pacman -S openssl You have to launch 2 server: cd /etc/rc.d /httpd start /webmin start Open a browser and enter on webmin with root user writing: https://localhost:10000/ You will find in front of different possibilities which the manage of system, of services, of net, of hardware, of groups with their users, of a cluster, etc...... All the options will present some "sub-screens" with many options, this because it's possible manage in detail all the system. Following the description of first voices: * Under the voice "Server" will be possible manage a server email, mysql, apache, fetchmail, postgresql, samba, ssh, proxy, ftp,etc.. * Under the voice "Hardware" will be possible manage a cd, manage the printer, grub, partitioning hard-disk, manage the raid. * Under the voice "System" will be possible change the passwords, make a backup of filesystem, manage the cron, manage files of log and of users. 7c)BURN MP3-->WAV-->MP3-->FILE AUDIO -Convert from mp3 to wav: mpg123 file.mp3 -w newfile.wav -Convert from wav to mp3 (install the program lame http://lame.sourceforge.net/) lame -h -b 128 newfile.wav file.mp3 -Create an audio cd starting from mp3: Create a script: #!/bin/sh for I in *.mp3 do mpg123 --cdr - "$I" > "$I.cdr"; done Give it all permissions and exec it. -Create an audio cd starting from wav: Create a script: #!/bin/sh for I in *.mp3 do mpg123 --cdr - "$I" | cdrecord -audio -pad -nofi - done cdrecord -fix Give it all permissions and exec it. 8c)HOW USE THE BOARDS NVIDIA FOR 3D Who has new slackware file to modify is: /etc/X11/XF86Config -Who has an old distro. Download from website http://www.nvidia.it o http://www.nvidia.com 2 files that at this moment are NVIDIA_kernel-1.0-2802.tar.gz and NVIDIA_GLX-1.0-2802.tar.gz and write: tar zxvf NVIDIA_kernel-1.0-2802.tar.gz tar zxvf NVIDIA_GLX-1.0-2802.tar.gz Once time unzipped it, enter in both directories and write: make && make install Enter in file /etc/rc.d/rc.local and at the end of file write: /sbin/modprobe NVdriver continue below ........ -Who has a distro with kernel 2.4 Who is using distro like Mandriva download from website http://www.nvidia.com file for linux (available in this moment): NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run and install it from text modality (Ctrl-Alt-F1 or F6): ps ax delete the pid with the graphic (X:0, kdm, /usr/X11R6/bin/X ecc..) chmod 770 NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg1.run If you have an error delete file /tmp/.X0-lock and try again. Who has recompiled the kernel have not selected the option Frame-buffer support inside Console drivers. continue below ......... -Who has a distro with kernel 2.6 Who is using kernel 2.6 download from website http://www.sh.nu/download/nvidia/ file (available in this moment): NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg0.run and install it from text modality (Ctrl-Alt-F1 or F6): ps ax delete the pid with the graphic (X:0, kdm, /usr/X11R6/bin/X ecc..) sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-5328-pkg0.run If you have error delete file /tmp/.X0-lock and try again. Who has recompiled the kernel, probably I'm not sure if Frame-buffer support inside Console drivers has to be selected. continue below ......... One time installed the driver/s contain with these options. Enter in file /etc/X11/XF86config-4 (if there is not enter in file XF86config) and substitute the row: driver "nv" with driver "nvidia" Insert the rows: Load "glx" Load "dri" and disable Load "dbe" Save and reboot, write startx, if you will see the Nvidia's logo you are ok. If you see problems at reboot, go on ctrl-alt-F6, log-in and modify the file /etc/X11/XF86Config-4, insert again nv instead of nvidia. Reboot the pc. Little problem, one time installed new driver NVIDIA, I've seen a problem at reboot of xawtv (program to watch tv), the screen is black and I had the following error: Warning: Cannot convert string "-*-ledfixed-medium-r-*--39-*-*-*-c-*-*-*" to type FontStruct I resolved writing the correct device: xawtv -c /dev/video0 or also using another program, tvtime. Meanwhile, enjoy with game tuxrace. 9c)HOW INSTALL MULINUX Put all packets inside a directory (es. mu), unzip the file dostools.zip, copy inside the directory just (c:\mu\dostools) file mulinux-13r0 (or the version that you want), launch file unpack and the file mulinux-13r0 will be unzipped inside. If instead you want create the floppy of installation launch file makefi and press enter. Return inside directory c:\mu and unzip file mulinux-13r0.zip (if you receive a question answer yes), inside of directory copy on it all files unzipped downloaded from website mulinux included the same file mulinux-13r0.zip and the file dostools.zip. Now or you reboot the pc with the floppy inserted just created, or go in pure modality msdos (press key F8 when starts windows and choice the last option (prompt of commands in provisional modality) or also use rescue floppy of win98. If you use floppy you will meet the menu, if instead you use dos enter in c:\mu\dostools (cd mu\dostools) and launch file boot, in this way you'll go at the same menu of floppy that I just talked about. At menu that appears there will be 4 options: 1)Install mulinux only on more floppy (depends from how many file zipped have been put in c:\mu\mulinu13r0 2)Install mulinux only on hard-disk inside msdos (it will create a directory c:\linux automatically) 3)You'll return in text modality 4)Pc will reboot Choose n0 2. Will appear the partition/s of you hard-disk, you will have to install mulinux where is installed windows, es. /dev/hda1 (you will have to write or press Enter to confirm) Now the program asks where are files downloaded from website and you need to write: /mu/mulinu~/ and press Enter. Do the wave with alt126 (on Italian keyboard). Now the program will create the directory c:\linux and at the end will ask to reboot the computer, press 0 and press again Enter. Return in pure msdos, go in c:\linux (cd linux) and launch file linux. At the question of swap choice no and at the other choice yes, after that start the true installation. 10c)CLUSTER LINUX WITH OPENMOSIX Who is using Mandrake 9.0 (now Mandriva) is available the patch openMosix-2.4.19-7.gz for kernel 2.4.19. Use the source of the kernel already present on cd of installation or download and copy the kernel linux-2.4.19.tar.gz, go in /usr/src and unzip the kernel downloaded: tar zxvf linux-2.4.19.tar.gz or tar xvf linux-2.4.19.tar Transfer file openMosix-2.4.19-7.gz in /usr/src and enter into directory (linux or linux-2.4.19) just created and write: zcat ../openMosix-2.4.19-7.gz | patch -p1 make mrproper make menuconfig Compile kernel and select inside OpenMosix (the first above), select the options that you are interested in. For the other settings of kernel select the peripherals of your pc, choice what you are interested in (audio board, burner, ethernet board, scanner ecc....). Save and at this point write: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install cp System.map /boot (rewrite file already present) cd arch/i386/boot df rdev -R bzImage l /dev/hda5 (control with df the partition linux) cp bzImage /boot Control again that lilo or grub boot file /boot/bzImage, example: image=/boot/bzImage label=Linux root=/dev/hda5 read-only 1)Enter in file /etc/inittab and insert the string: /bin/mosrun -h inside of file insert the string only in these rows and like in this example: # System initialization.(Omit the first row that for me is si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit) l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0 that will become: l0:0:wait:/bin/mosrun -h /etc/rc.d/rc 0 make the same thing also for the other rows until number 6 (the last) # Things to run in every runlevel. ud::once:/sbin/update that will become ud::once:/bin/mosrun -h /sbin/update # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now that will become ca::ctrlaltdel:/bin/mosrun -h /sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now Save and exit from file. 2)Create file /etc/mosix.map and write inside: 1 [IP first computer] [number computers] 1 192.168.1.1 2 (I've two computers in my bedroom) This file have to be the same for all computers in cluster and the address suggest the first computer-server that is the cluster and to which all are leaned. I explain better, from "first computer" that you use through the program mosmon (inside the tools of openmosix is possible to see also the other computers in cluster). 3)Copy the file here below written where you want (ex. inside directory that you will create "mkdir /omosix"), rename it in openmosix and launch it at boot, you have only put a link at the end of file /etc/rc.d/rc.local, ex: cd /omosix && ./openmosix start Give a chmod 777 to file /omosix/openmosix ####---------------------------Copy from here ----------------------------##### #! /bin/sh #chkconfig:2345 95 5 #daemon openmosix stop_mosix() { echo 0 > /proc/hpc/admin/mospe rm -f /var/lock/subsys/openmosix } start_mosix() { OVERHEADS=/etc/overheads MFSCOSTS=/etc/mfscosts if [ -s $OVERHEADS -a -f /proc/hpc/admin/overheads ]; then /bin/grep -v ^# $OVERHEADS > /proc/hpc/admin/overheads fi if [ -s $MFSCOSTS -a -f /proc/hpc/admin/mfscosts ]; then /bin/grep -v ^# $MFSCOSTS > /proc/hpc/admin/mfscosts fi a1= [ -s /etc/mospe ] && a1=-p 'cat /etc/mospe' a2= [ -s /etc/mosgates ] && a2=-g 'cat /etc/mosgates' /sbin/setpe -W $a1 $a2 -f /etc/mosix.map cat /proc/hpc/admin/speed > /proc/hpc/admin/sspeed touch /var/lock/subsys/openmosix } alarm() { t=$2 while : do case $t in 0) break ;; esac sleep 1 t=$(($t-1)) done kill -1 $1 exit 0 } #See how we were called case $1 in start ) echo Initializing openmosix if [ ! -f /etc/mosix.map ] then echo You have no mosix configuration -please edit yours now: echo -n Editor to use [q to quit] - [vi] :- trap echo Timed-Out ; exit 1 1 alarm $$ 120 & killer=$! read editor kill $killer trap case $editor in [qQ]) exit ;; *) editor=/usr/bin/vi [ -f $editor ] || editor=/bin/vi ;; esac echo #MOSIX CONFIGURATION > /etc/mosix.map echo #====================>> /etc/mosix.map echo # >> /etc/mosix.map echo # Each line should contain 3 fields, mapping IP address to mosix node numbers: >> /etc/mosix.map echo # 1) first MOSIX node number in range. >> /etc/mosix.map echo # 2) IP address of the above node (or node-name from /etc/hosts). >> /etc/mosix.map echo # 3) number of nodes in this range. >> /etc/mosix.map echo # >> /etc/mosix.map echo # MOSIX-# IP number-of-nodes >> /etc/mosix.map echo # ============================ >> /etc/mosix.map $editor /etc/mosix.map echo while : do echo If this node s standard IP address is not part echo of the table that you just edited, because MOSIX echo uses a different or separate network, echo you need to type this node s MOSIX-number now. echo /bin/echo -n Otherwise please press only :- read me case $me in *) /bin/rm -f /etc/mospe ; break ;; [1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]|[1-6][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]) echo $me > /etc/mospe ; break ;; *) echo Improper MOSIX number please try again: ;; esac done fi start_mosix ;; stop) echo Stopping openmosix stop_mosix ;; status) /sbin/setpe -r ;; restart|reload) echo Restarting openMosix stop_mosix start_mosix ;; *) echo Usage: openmosix{start|stop|status|restart|reload} exit 1 esac exit 0 ####---------------------------Copy until here----------------------------##### To stop /omosix/openmosix write: cd /omosix && ./openmosix stop or restart it: cd /omosix && ./openmosix restart 4)Download file openmosix-tools-0.2.2.tar.gz or file openMosixUserland-0.2.0.tar.gz (adviced), unzip them with (tar zxvf) in a directory and install them (follow the file INSTALL inside). You will have to configure the file named configure and suggest where is the patch of openmosix, delete the written and substitute it with this: # Here is an OpenMosix kernel OPENMOSIX = /usr/src/linux-2.4.19 Exit and save file and install it with: make all If you have error then try with this row, omitting mos: OPENMOSIX = /usr/src/linux-2.4.19 One time installed them, reboot the computer and launch them from graphic (write only mos in xterm and will appear all programs that start for mox). Now you have to manage the cluster just created. 11c)MINI WEBSERVER BOA (ONLY 118K) Go on website http://www.boa.org/ , download boa-0.94.12.tar.gz and unzip it, go in boa-0.94.12/src and write like user root: /configure && make Copy file boad in /usr/sbin and write: boa -c /usr/local/boa & If you have errors, create the directory boa, copy inside it file boa.conf and rewrite the command like that: mkdir /usr/local/boa && cp boa-0.94.12/boa.conf /usr/local/boa && boa -c /usr/local/boa & In again you have an error, then create file access_log in /var/log : mkdir /var/log/boa && touch /var/log/boa/access_log Eventually configure file /usr/local/boa/boa.conf One time done the modifies to file boa.conf kill and restart boa (see below) Insert a file ex. index.html in /var/www/, the file of example will contain the following rows: prova If on a browser write the address of net of your computer, or localhost or also 127.0.0.1 ,so, your mini webserver is activated. If you want stop boa, give a: ps aux (Will appear a screen with the number of pid of boa) USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND nobody 4672 0.0 0.2 1720 800 pts/3 S 00:49 0:00 boa -c /usr/local/boa/ kill the process number: kill 4672 To restart boad write only: boa -c /usr/local/boa & (Read the settings of boa.conf) 12c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE ACROBAT INSIDE FIREFOX Download from website of Adobe the last version of Acrobat Reader AdobeReader_enu-7.0.9-1.i386.tar.gz and like user root unzip it: tar zxvf AdobeReader_enu-7.0.9-1.i386.tar.gz Install it like that: cd AdobeReader ./INSTALL (press Enter) The text will ask the directory of installation (leave that proposed pressing again the key Enter or write a new directory). If the directory doesn't exist press the key y to create it automatically from program of installation. Now copy the file executable in /usr/bin and the plugin of acrobat inside directory plugins of the browser (in my case /usr/local/Firefox/). cd /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/ && cp -f acroread /usr/bin/ cd /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/Browser/intellinux/ cp -f nppdf.so /usr/local/Firefox/plugins/ 13c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE POSTGRESQL Download the last version of postgres, in my case postgresql-7.4.tar.gz and download it like user root: tar zxvf postgresql-7.4.tar.gz cd postgresql-7.4 /configure gmake gmake install adduser postgres (like home directory choice /home/postgres, if possible don't insert the password and do it later) mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data su postgres /usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data & /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data >logfile 2>&1 & (Launch postgresql, press Enter, to kill it write ps aux) or pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/postgres start & (Start postgresql, press Enter, to kill it write ps aux) /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb test /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test createuser pippo (The user postgres can create other sub-users for ex. pippo) createdb prova (Create database prova) psql prova (I enter inside database prova) create table tabella2(numerazione int, cognome text, nome varchar(20), anni int); (Create the table tabella2) -----------Example on how autoincrement a number------------ create sequence numerazione; create table tabella2 (numerazione int4 not null default nextval('numerazione'), cognome text, nome varchar(20), anni int); create unique indexnumerazione_id_key on tabella2 (numerazione); Now we write an example: insert into tabella2 (cognome, nome, anni) values ('Rossi', 'Alessio', 18); insert into tabella2 (cognome, nome, anni) values ('Bianchi', 'Riccardo', 48); select * from tabella2; -----------End example---------------------------------- \d (Select all tables) \d nometabella (list of tables) insert into tabella2 (numerazione, cognome, nome, anni) values ('1', 'rossi', 'mario', 18); (Insert dates inside tabella2, remember the sign '). select * from tabella2; (select dates from tabella2) select * from tabella2 where cognome='rossi'; (select all the rossi) truncate tabelladiprova; (delete the contains of a table) drop table tabella2; (Delete tabella2 and therefore all dates in this contained) update tabella2 set nome='andrea' where nome='mario'; (Modify and updates the name from mario to andrea in column called nome of tabella2) delete from tabella2 where nome='andrea'; (Delete all row of table tabella2 that contain the value specified (andrea) in column specified (nome)) \h (shows the commands) \? (shows the list of commands) \q (exit from database) Under Windows 9x-ME-2000 with cygwin Postgresql is a database opensource (not like mysql that is at payment in case is used to gain with it), you can use it on linux (installed by default) or under windows. I'll explain how install postgresql under windows: Donwload file setup of cygwin from http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe Launch it and choice Install from Internet c:\cygwin (where install it) Install For: All Users (settings) Default Text File Type: DOS (settings) Choice Next C:\WINDOWS\Desktop (Where save files) Direct Connection Choice a server available (ex. http://mirrors.kernel.org) Click on + of Database, go to the end and click the last voice skip in the same row of postgresql. Giving one-two click you see the versions, choice the last (in my case 7.3.4-2), click on voice n/a, it will become a little square with a cross under the voice "Bin" that is binary. Click after on cygipc and do become it binary. Click Next and wait to download all, are almost 14 mega. You'll have at disposition a free compiler c for windows and the database postgresql. At the end downloading, will come installed all, you won't have to do anything, only click on ok at the end.If you control, now you have the directory c:\cygwin full of 51 mega of files (16 mega are zipped and unzipped). If you want install cygwin + postgres on another pc, you will have only to launch setup.exe, choice "Install from local directory", choice the directory of destination (ex. c:\cygwin) and after Local Package Directory that is the directory of almost 16 mega that you have downloaded before (control and eventually select postgres e cygipc). We pass to configure (you have only to launch commands). Start file c:\cygwin\cygwin.bat and wait the at the end appears the symble "$" Always inside the same windows cygwin opened write: ipc-daemon2 & (write always this command before starting the server Postgresql or to initialize the database). Now write: initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -W -E LATIN1 (will create a cluster into directory /usr/local/pgsql/data, will become required a password of administrator) Start postgres with this command: ipc-daemon2 & initdb -D /usr/share/postgresql/data pg_ctl start -D /usr/share/postgresql/data/ Will appear: postmaster successfully started Open another prompt cygwin.bat and write: pg_ctl stop -D /usr/share/postgresql/data/ Open file: c:\cygwin\usr\share\postgresql\data\postgresql.conf and modify the row: #tcpip_socket = false in tcpip_socket = true Restart postgresql like that: pg_ctl start -D /usr/share/postgresql/data/ On Windows to connect from remote modify the file: c:\cygwin\usr\share\postgresql\data\pg_hba.conf At the end of file insert a row like that: host prova User_Name 192.168.100.101 255.255.255.0 trust When you will use the program pgadmin the parameters will be these: Server 192.168.100.101 Porta 5432 (fix SSL Disabled Database new prova Name User Name_User Trusted left it empty Password (Insert the password of system of Windows) -To manage Postgresql in Local or from Remote go on website http://www.pgadmin.org/pgadmin3/index.php and download the version for Windows 9xMe or that for 2000Xp and start it putting on it the name of user of pc, for ex. Panther and without password. Errors: -Su Windows 9x-Me: If you have error delete the file: /usr/local/pgsql/data/postmaster.pid and restart /usr/bin/postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data & On Windows 2000 If appears a pop-up "Impossible find the library to dynamic link cygpcre-0.dll in specified path" Copy file c:\cygwin\bin\cygpcre.dll in other directory and rename it in cygpcre-0.dll and after copy again the file renamed in c:\cygwin\bin. 14c)WATCH TV ON LINUX -Xawtv My video card used is WIN TV GO of Hauppauge with chip 878A. However I believe that with this chip this procedure works on all distro, recompiling the kernel. Mandriva knows it like a card with chip (Brook...), whereby after the installation will appear an icon on desktop. Now we see how to recognize it recompiling the kernel 2.4.19. See the options above how ricompile the rest of kernel to adapt it to own computer. What is interesting are these options, whose you add y or asterisk depend how you recompile it (make mrproper e poi date make xconfig oppure make menuconfig) Character Devices, I2C support, I2C support e I2C bit banging interfaces. Multimedia devices, Video for linux, V4L information in proc filesystem, I2C on parallel port, BT848 Video for linux, SAA5249 Teletext processor. Console drivers, VGA text consoles. Sound, Sound Card Support, BT878 audio dma, TV card (bt 848) mixer support. Give now: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install && cp -f System /boot && cd arch/i386/boot && rdev -R bzImage l /dev/hdx && cp -f bzImage /boot && lilo. Obviously configure lile to read bzImage at start instead of vmlinuz. reboot computer and that is done. The programs to use to see the tv are xawtv or zapping (you can have them almost on all distro). Zapping is complete of teletex while xawtv no, how to remedy: -How install xawtv vers. 3.93 and alevt 1.6.1 Download xawtv "http://linux.bytesex.org/xawtv/"; from here: http://dl.bytesex.org/releases/xawtv/ Install zvbi 0.2.8 from http://sourceforge.net/projects/zapping/ bunzip zvbi-0.2.8.tar.bz2 tar xvf zvbi-0.2.8.tar cd zvbi-0.2.8 /configure && make && make install Later install xawtv with option: tar zxvf xawtv-3.93.tar.gz cd xawtv-3.93 make clean && ./configure --enable-zvbi && make && make install At this point reboot computer. To search the tv start from prompt of shell "scantv": scantv -C /dev/v4l/vbi0 -o /root/.xawtv Little problem, one time installed new driver NVIDIA, I've seen a problem at start of xawtv (program to see the tv), practically it doesn't see itself, the screen is black and I've the following error: Warning: Cannot convert string "-*-ledfixed-medium-r-*--39-*-*-*-c-*-*-*" to type FontStruct I've resolved writing the correct device: xawtv -c /dev/video0 or also using another program, tvtime If you see the screen black, click with key left of mouse on xawtv and control the settings, regulate them and insert them in file .xawtv: This is the start of file with my configuration: [global] freqtab = italy [defaults] input = Television norm = PAL capture = grabdisplay -Alevt, the Teletext Download from website http://www.goron.de/~froese/alevt/ the last version available, (at moment 1.6.1). Download the file and install it: tar zxvf alevt-1.6.1.tar.gz cd alevt-1.6.1 make && make install Start xawtv and move on channel wished, open a prompt from shell and write: alevt -vbi /dev/v4l/vbi0 From keyboard write numbers 100 and press Enter, choice the number of page of teletext that you want to show. -Tvtime Install tvtime from http://tvtime.sourceforge.net/ or search the packet for slackware on http://www.linuxpackages.net/ and install the file .tgz Search the channels with: tvtime-scanner tvtime 15c)GUARDDOG HOW INSTALL IT, CONFIGURE IT AND USE IT Preamble: This document represent only a little guide about installation and configuration with Linux Mandriva, Guarddog is a graphic firewall, that helps so much the configuration of Iptables, for whose I advise to read the informations contained inside this document. All the procedure of installation and configuration is under graphic interface and it's destined to who know few the "Penguin". Installation: This phase is very easy, you can download Guarddog from website: http://www.simonzone.com/software/guarddog/ and to be installed itself requires the presence of Iptables, thereby if you have not yet installed, charge install software, take the cd of Mandriva and in few time your system will have all necessary to gather Gaurddog. Now from konqueror you have to click on file rpm of Guarddog and automatically kpackage will arrange all. Now we can create a new icon on desktop to have our firewall always available, hence right-click --> Create new --> link to application .. in tab "General" we can choice an icon that you like more, between those available and in form we'll write the name that we want to give to link, from tab "Exec" in form "command:" we put the path that will exec /usr/bin/guarddog', if we haven't the particular requirements we can leave empty the other tabs. Now it's ready, and and we have not neither written a row in shell, and Linux is difficult ?? Configuration:We are ready to build our little wall to our system, lauch guarddog and get work. I have to specify that here we talk about configuration adapted to a generic user, but trying later we will need to adapt it to our specific requirements, these are the bases to understand the mechanisms. Once opened the program we can see four tabs, start from first "Zone", here we already find a division of default of guarddog, between local Ip "Local" and external Ip "Internet". To start we can leave all like that, but we have to signal a important function about this section to materialize just the have confidence, selecting "New Zone" we can create a specific access to some protocols to known ip. We see it on details, once selected "New Zone" we will can assign a name to zone, a comment and with "New Address" insert the numeric ip or under form of Dns. Under Connection we can decide if permit traffic from a Zone to another, to understand the concept you can see the settings of default, if you evidence the Internet Zone, you'll see ticked off the box Local, this means that is permitted the trafic from Internet to Local, evidencing instead the Local Zone we will find the contrary, creating new zones, we will can establish if permit or less the trafic from one to other. For now we limit ourselves to say that for our new Zone if we want use a protocol we need to tick off the box Local to permit that itself can pass from our computer to Internet. But we can see an example, suppose that we want permit the protocol irc only to server that hosts the chat of #tivedotonico, select "New Zone" such as above, insert a name (irc Tvt) like a comment (ircity) after select "New Address" and insert milano.ircity.org, under connection tick off the box of local, after from tab "Protocol" evidence our new Zone ables the protocol irc, now this protocol will be possible only to our server irc. It's very important to improve this technique and create new Zones (especially for all those protocols accessible from external with more risk) so the permit to tight always more the ring and they permit the access to functions only who we know, in fact a port opened is a method more common with which a "thief" can access to our computer, I've to say that a common user is not a target attractive (better like that !). Not only exist good hackers, but also people that by irc can give you problems, and a firewall well configured can save us. But the argument is wide and it doesn't regards only the "crackers", many Internet services that spy us when we don't know ! Return to us and open the tab "Protocol" here with the same principle that we have seen in previous tab regarding the traffic from a Zone to another we can define to which protocols permit the transit and instead which stop, we find the protocols divided in categories and we need to choice which we use and leave them disabled the other. With the creation of new Zones we will improve the security of our system to try our firewall we can set underlining the Internet Zone, under the category chat the customers that we use (for ex. Icq, Irc, ecc), under Data Service we could have need the protocols to manage the Database such as Mysql and Postgresql, under File Transfer is necessary http (obviously) ftp and Gnutella if you use it. Under Game if you don't play games on-line on games reported you can't select anything, under mail is necessary permit pop3 smtp, in some cases imap but otherwise leave it excluded. The group media is dedicated to who use the plugin RalMedia, under net able Dns and Ping, the rest can be not useful, such as all the group of Interactive Session that I advice you to leave deactivated. Now we have almost established what can pass from Internet to our computer, now selecting the Local Zone which services will be accessible from external, here we need to have attention and active only that is necessary, under Chat as we have done in Internet zone we active the clients we use, under Mail, pop3 and smtp and under net Ident/Auth, for the rest all blocked especially all the category Interactive Session, if you don't want to have the computer with many problems. Passing to third tab "Logging" we establish the parameters for the file of Log (where you will find written all the interventions of our firewall, you can quietly leave all like that. In the last tab "Advanced" we find the useful box "Disable firewall" necessary when we will do wrong things in configuration of our firewall and select the function "New Protocol" that we will use that when we will have to use a protocol not included in the list of second tab "Protocol". Coming down in detail selecting "New Protocol" we will can assign a name select the type (Type) in general TCP and thing more important the port, now returning to second tab "Protocol" under "User Defined" we will find our protocol to active or deactivate. Now doesn't remain that click on apply and try to surf on Internet, chat, send/receive email and all that we want do with our computer in net and continue constantly and to hone the configuration of firewall, at the end every Linux user want search to learn always more! 16c)CREATE A PROXY SERVER WITH SQUID Enter with an editor in /etc/squid/squid.conf At start of file in: # TAG: http_port under the written "Default" write the ip address of computer that will be the proxy server, ex: http_port 192.168.1.1:8080 (Will have to be set also into browsers of computers of clients) # TAG: visible_hostname under the written "Default", in case of error on restart of demon squid, write the name of hostname of computer that will be proxy server. Open xterm and write on it (hostname), add the name of computer that appears, in my case: Default visible_hostname Panther The tag visible_hostname, I repeat, it doesn't matter to put forcedly, only if appears error on restart of squid. Search the following string "http_access deny all", there will be two of them, choice which that is not commented from #. The string denies the access to all computer clients, to permit them to surf, you need to comment it with a # ahead. Save the file and restart squid like that: cd /etc/rc.d/init.d && service squid restart (it's possible use also stop and start) or cd /etc/rc.d/init.d && ./squid restart (it's possible use also stop and start) On Slackware I've written: squid -z (It will create a directory of swap) squid -NCd1 & echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward & (we able the forward). Like we have told now all computer clients that will want to surf, they will have to set on own browser the proxy such as 192.168.1.1:8080 (in my case) Squid however do other things: If we want to surf with some clients and all others not, you need to write a row before of "http_access deny all" : acl mio src 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.15 192.168.1.20 (access list of name mio with ip that we can surf with squid) http_access allow mio (I permit that access list with name mio can surf) http_access deny !mio (I deny the surf to all ip different (!) from mine) #http_access deny all (It's possible to comment it, already exists the rule above that does all). Save the file and for new settings give a: service squid restart If we want that clients surf in determines days and and a range of hours that we choose: acl allowed_clients src 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.15 192.168.1.20 acl regular_days time MTWSS 00:00-00:50 (The letters are the start of days) http_access allow allowed_clients regular_days (I say that clients surf in particular days) http_access deny allowed_clients (For the other days, Thursday and Friday I deny the surfing) Save the file and for new settings give a: service squid restart If we want that some clients surf in different hours of day: acl hosts1 src 192.168.1.2 acl hosts2 src 192.168.1.15 acl hosts3 src 192.168.1.20 acl mattino time 08:00-12:00 acl pomeriggio time 12:01-19:00 acl sera time 19:01-07:59 http_access allow hosts1 mattino http_access allow hosts1 pomeriggio http_access allow hosts2 sera http_access allow hosts3 pomeriggio http_access deny all (able it) Save the file and for new settings give a: service squid restart If we want deny the access to some websites that contain words about for ex. sex. acl allowed_clients src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 acl banned_sites url_regex "/etc/banned.list" http_access deny banned_sites http_access allow allowed_clients Create fine banned.list in /etc/ and write inside it: bubs ass whores sex blowjob Save the file and for new settings give a: service squid restart If now on browsers of clients we write in http://www.google.it the word: "blowjob" and we start the search, the browser will give an error: The requested URL could not be retrieved If we want to limit the number of connections to proxy, that is for ex. We want that only 8 computers can connect to proxy server to surf: Search this row in squid.conf # TAG: client_db on|off and able it like that: #Default: client_db on acl mynet src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 (all the lan) acl numconn maxconn 8 http_access deny mynet numconn If you want to able all the lan you need only to write 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0, it doesn't matter to write all and 255 ip addresses. 17c)PARTED DELETE CREATE AND REORGANIZE PARTITIONS Install under linux the program from one of cd of distro or download the free program from website: http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/parted.html. The program can be used either inside linux that by 4 floppy in case of maintenance of hard-disk, downloading the image partboot.img and partroot-1.6.6.gz (or the version more updated) from website: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parted/bootdisk/ Download partboot.img and copy it on the first floppy dd if=/dev/fd0 of=partboot.img Download partroot-1.6.6.gz (3 mega) and copy it on 3 floppy dd if=partroot-1.6.6.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=0 dd if=partroot-1.6.6.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=1 dd if=partroot-1.6.6.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=2 Restart the computer and insert the floppy of boot and later floppy of root, at prompt write: parted /dev/hda (from hda to hdd depends on which hard-disk and partition we want act). With show we see all commands, with help name-command we obtain the different options and informations on commands, with print we obtain the visualization semi-graphic of existing partitions. (parted) print Disk geometry for /dev/hdb: 0.000-9787,148 megabytes Disk label type: msdos Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags We create a partition with file-system fat32 of 1 giga from a empty disk: mkpartfs primary fat32 0 1000.000 (I've created it primary, if I had to create it like logic, first I had to create it extended and later logic using the same syntax). Write a print to see the actual situation: (parted) print Disk geometry for /dev/hdb: 0.000-9787,148 megabytes Disk label type: msdos Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags 1 0,031 996,218 primary fat32 Now we increase it of 500 mega. resize 1 996.218 1500.000 We give a print and see the change: (parted) print Disk geometry for /dev/hdb: 0.000-9787,148 megabytes Disk label type: msdos Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags 1 996,218 1498,249 primary fat32 I create a linux partition with file-system ext2: mkpartfs primary ext2 1498.250 2700.000 Write "print" to see the change: (parted) print Disk geometry for /dev/hdb: 0.000-9787,148 megabytes Disk label type: msdos Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags 1 996,218 1498,249 primary fat32 2 1498,250 2698,417 primary ext2 Delete the first partition and give a print: (parted) rm 1 (Attention at this command) (parted) print Disk geometry for /dev/hdb: 0.000-9787,148 megabytes Disk label type: msdos Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags 2 1498,250 2698,417 primary ext2 Closing the program we will have a warning in case the creation of new partitions (if we are inside linux) to update file /etc/fstab. 18c)INSTALL WINE The installation can be done from a single user or from root user. That is following is the installation like root user: Download wine, unzip and install it: From user root: tar zxvf Wine-20031212.tar.gz cp -r wine-20031212/ /home/user chmod -R 777 /home/user/wine-20031212/ su user cd /home/user cd wine-20031212/ /tools/wineinstall During the installation will have required to write "yes", after the password of root and done other questions. Return like root user Move the directory .wine like that: cp -r /home/pc1/c /root chown root:root /root/c cp -r /home/pc1/.wine /root/ chown root:root /root/.wine Enter in file /root/.wine/config and set it. How is following has been taken from my config file: [Drive A] "Path" = "/mnt/floppy" "Type" = "floppy" "Label" = "Floppy" "Filesystem" = "win98" "Serial" = "87654321" "Device" = "/dev/fd0" [Drive C] "Path" = "/mnt/windows/" "Type" = "hd" "Label" = "MS-DOS" "Filesystem" = "win98" [Drive D] "Path" = "/mnt/cdrom" "Type" = "cdrom" "Label" = "CD-Rom" "Filesystem" = "win98" [wine] "Windows" = "c:\\windows" "System" = "c:\\windows\\system" "Temp" = "e:\\" "Path" = "c:\\windows;c:\\windows\\system;e:\\;e:\\test;f:\\" "Profile" = "c:\\windows\\Profiles\\Administrator" "GraphicsDriver" = "x11drv" ;"ShowDirSymlinks" = "1" ;"ShowDotFiles" = "1" "ShellLinker" = "wineshelllink" At moment I've started without errors these programs: PowerPoint, OpenOffice, Acrobat Reader 5.0, Nero, EtrustAntivirus, 7Zip, Vim per Windows e eMule Plus v1h. These are some programs that I've installed however there are others to start. 19c)DRUPAL All of this has been tried under Archlinux Install php, mysql, apache and download drupal from website, that under Arch you should do like that: pacman -S php pacman -S mysql pacman -S apache Download drupal-4.7.2 from website http://www.drupal.org Unzip drupal-4.7.2.tar.gz where you want and move files inside the drupal-4.7.0 inside the directory /home/http/html/ tar zxvf drupal-4.7.2.tar.gz cd drupal-4.7.2 cp -f -r * /home/http/html/ MYSQL: Avviare mysql cosi: cd /etc/rc.d/ && ./mysqld start mysql grant all privileges on *.* to root identified by 'yourpassword'; quit mysqladmin -u dba_user -p create drupal (dba_user will be root or another user) mysql -u root -p The following row has to be written on a only row:: GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON drupal.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'yourpassword'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; quit mysql -u root -pyourpassword drupal < database/database.4.1.mysql (write the path until to file database.4.1.mysql) PHP: cd /etc Edit file php.ini Not select 2 following rows: extension=mysql.so extension=mysqli.so APACHE: cd /etc/httpd/conf/ Edit httpd.conf Able the following row: LoadModule php5_module modules/libphp5.so Says to Apache which is the directory of reference "DocumentRoot ": DocumentRoot "/home/httpd/html" Substitute the voice "None" with "All" Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All DRUPAL: cd /home/http/html/sites/default/ vi settings.php Modify the string: $db_url = 'mysql://username:password@localhost/databasename'; like that: $db_url = 'mysql://utente:tuapassword@localhost/drupal'; Start apache like that: cd /etc/rc.d/ ./httpd start (If you have httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() modify the file hosts inserting the hostname). vi /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 myhost.localdomain myhost Open a browser and write: http://localhost/ If you will see the main page of drupal, it's done. However control the errors of different services. In case delete file .htaccess 20c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHPBB Fundamental features. Forum and unlimited Post Interface with multiple languages Public and private Forum Powerful search engine System of private messages Modifiable Graphic Interface In this example we will use the database mysql. Remember that server mysql must be always active, active from linuxconf or from command line (service mysql start), in windows for example you can start like that (mysqld --standalone) Also server web apache have to be always active (service httpd start). Create the user and the password for database mysql, enter in mysql in one of both ways: mysql or mysql -h 192.xxx.xxx.1 -uuser -ppassword Create your user and password grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' identified by 'password'; Create an empty database: create database nuke; exit For the first thing I remember that if you wish to install the forum, it's needed activation of database MySQL, in case you have a solution with Linux-Apache-Php. Phpbb supports different kinds of databases but in this little guide I'll talk about mysql :-) Instructions installation phpBB: 1) After having downloaded the last version of phpBB from http://www.phpbb.com phpBB-2.0.6 and unzip it. mkdir /prova && cp phpbb-2.0.6.zip /prova && unzip /prova/phpbb-2.0.6.zip 2) Connect with ftp to own web-space and create a directory called "forum" ex. mkdir /var/www/htdocs/forum 3) Do the upload of all directories and files of program inside directory forum. mv -r /prova/phpbb/* /var/www/htdocs/forum/ 4)Open browser and with server web active, write this address: http://www.nameyourwebsite.extension/forum/index.php 5)At this point you will see a screen of configuration of program phpBB, please be careful because next steps will be more important. Default board language: (select Italian language) (*) (*) About Italian language I've downloaded a zip file (lang_italian.zip) always from website http://www.phpbb.com. Database Type: (select MySQL 3.x, in our case is il 3.23) Choose your installation method: (leave install method) Database Server Hostname / DSN: (digit localhost or the ip address of computer) Your Database Name: (nuke) Database Username: (root) Database Password: (password of you database) Prefix for tables in database: (leave phpbb_) Admin Email Address: (put the e-mail yourname@yourwebsite.extension) Domain Name: (if not inserted of default digit the name of you domain, in my case tivedotonico.it) Server Port: (leave 80) Script path: (leave /forum/) Administrator Username: (insert the name you wish like administrator, don't forget this date that will be necessary to access to control panel) Administrator Password: (insert a password, don't forget this date because it will be necessary to access to control panel) Administrator Password [ Confirm ]: (confirm the password inserted before) Click Start Install Rename the directories "contrib" and "install" in "old_contrib" and "old_install" or delete them totally with their contained. At this point to have online the forum phpBB from browser digit: http://www.nameyourdomain.extension/forum/index.php 21c)INSTALL AND USE XTRACEROUTE Xtraceroute is a program that shows graphically and geographically the well known instruction traceroute. First of all search go on http://www.google.it and search the graphic library gtkgl, download it in /root for example. Unzip it with tar xzvf and inside the directory just created, digit: ./configure (Enter) make (Enter) make install (Enter) Download always from http://www.google.it, the graphic library gtkglarea, I advice you the version 1.2 and not 1.0, download it in /root for example. Unzip it with tar xzvf and inside the directory just created, digit: ./configure (Enter) make (Enter) make install (Enter) From website http://www.dtek.chalmers.se/~d3august/xt/ download the file xtraceroute0.9.1 and copy it on /root Unzip the file with tar zxvf filename.tar.gz Go into directory just created, hence digit: ./configure (Enter) make (Enter) make install (Enter) Now launch startx, make a link on desktop of /usr/local/bin/xtraceroute (It'is the path of xtraceroute), so you can launch the application more easily :-) Now you connect to Internet, launch xtraceroute and will appear a window where at center there is earth that you can turn with the punter of mouse how you want: it's the powerful of GTK :-) Above there is a space where you can write some URL (without http://www., try kernel.org) and you will see that travel will do our packets :) Below you will see all host of passage until to the final destination you have choice. I've tried many addresses and some of them don't permit they are under trace, however don't hesitate, xtraceroute is a funny program! :) 22c)READ NEWSGROUP WITH SLRN AND SLRNPULL slrn is a newsreader in text-modality that near to slrnpull can work also offline. This little help assumes that you already have installed two packets and that is possible the link in net, hence flies off all info linked to installation and to Internet link. The steps to do are: 1)Create the directory where you want to work Of default slrn works in /usr/local/lib/slrn and slrnpull in /var/spool/slrnpull. The use of a subdir of /var/spool is correct, because there, there are all the tails, however you can change in some directory. I've used /home/gberto/slrnpull to have the messages in my homedirectory; 2) Configure slrnpull Copy file slrnpull.conf (you find it in packet of installation) into directory chosen (HOME_DIR) and edit it. In this file you will have to delete all examples that the author reports, maybe comment them with '#', and you will need insert the list of newsgroup we want follow. The syntax of the row is: name_of_newsgroup number_articles_to_download days_of_validity and for every newsgroup we want subscribe it will have to insert a row (obviously not commented) so structured (the first row is commented and it will be as trace): #Name_group Messages_to_download Validity it.test 50 30 default 100 25 it.scienza.medicina 0 0 it.hobby.vino * 15 default 25 5 free.it.fisarmonica 10 The character '*' and the space ' ' identify the value of default set into appropriate row (for example in this case the validity of free.it.fisarmonica will be of 5 days) while '0' means 'all messages' or 'without expiration' to second of the positioning. Every time we subscribe a new newsgroup you need to edit the file slrnpull.conf and add the necessary dates. 3) Create file authinfo Only if own server requires an authorization. In first row insert the username and into second the password. Save into HOME_DIR and close. 4) Download the messages At this point you have download the messages of newsgroup subscribes with command: slrnpull -d HOME_DIR -h name_of_newsserver for ex. I've written: slrnpull -d /home/gberto/slrnpull -h news.iol.it with the connection to web already active. Clearly the time used depends from line, from traffic, from how many newsgroup you have subscribed and how many messages you have set for downloading. Have time.... NB: in HOME_DIR slrnpull will create a tree that rebuild your newsgroup. If for example, you have subscribed it.comp.os.linux.iniziare, you will find created the path HOME_DIR/news/it/comp/os/linux/iniziare and in this last directory will be contained the files of messages downloaded, each identified from a number. You will find there also a file .minmax and a .overview that however you don't care. NNBB: Because the tree created belong to who create them, if you want that they are accessible to all, you must change the relative permissions. An easy way is to use the command umask. 5) Configuration of slrn (editing slrn.rc) The installation of srlrn provide a file of example of configuration called slrn.rc (you find it in the packet of installation).If you decide to use this file, you must to copy into home directory of user (for me /home/gberto), rename it .slrnrc and at the end edit it. File is easy to understand. The initial side set the newsserver, the username and the password for different newsserver that you want use. Because you need only if you work online (and we don't want this), we will work on file with the same name, slrn.rc, but it is into directory (or inside packet) of slrnpull. It's a little file, that set only what we need for management of news, leaving all the rest of default. The different lines will have to be fill in like that: # Definition of directories set spool_inn_root "dir_host" //ex. /var/spool set spool_root "dir_of_news" //ex. /var/spool/news set spool_nov_root "dir_of_news" //ex. /var/spool/news set read active 1 set use slrnpull 1 set server object "spool" # Definition of name user (in field From: will appear # your_username@your.hostname set hostname "your_hostname" set username "your_username" set realname "your_full_name" You set the directories where will be files of different newsgroup, you say to slrn to use slrnpull using a spool on disk and you define our name to use into news. 6) Downloading of newsgroup available on server (you can jump this) Can be useful having a list of all newsgroup available, this can be done with command: slrn --nntp -h "MYNEWSSERVER" -a -f ALLNG -create where obviously MYNEWSSERVER is you server news (for ex. "news.iol.it") and ALLNG is the name of file where you want the list of newsgroup. The time of downloading can be long. Obtained the file, a command of type cat ALLNG |grep ^it\\. |sort > ITNG permit to filter those in Italian and to order them for a fast consultation. 7) Launch slrn To see a different directory from default (that is /usr/local/lib/slrn) you can or modify the header while you are compiling (slrnfeat.h) or better to set the environment variables SLRN_LIB_DIR and NNTPSERVER that slrn reads at moment to start itself. I've created a file batch (goslrn) that exports these variables and exec slrn: export HOME=/home/gberto export NNTPSERVER=news.iol.it export SLRN_LIB_DIR=/home/gberto/slrnpull export SPOOL=/home/gberto/slrnpull slrn NB: At start probably you'll see an empty screen because you have not subscribed the groups yet. Using the command or + <*> + should appear the list of available newsgroup (that are those present into file slrnpull.conf) downloaded from slrnpull. Digit 'S' when the cursor is on newsgroup that you want effectively see (and not only download) to subscribe them (and 'U' to remove the subscription); at this point you can surf offline. 8) Updating of newsgroup and send messages Because slrn uses a spool, often you need to start slrnpull to send messages in spool (into directory HOME_DIR/out.going) and update the newsgroups with new messages. This can be done like that: slrnpull -d NEWSDIR -h MYNEWSSERVER where NEWSDIR is for us HOME_DIR (that is /home/gberto/slrnpull for me) and MYNEWSSERVER is obviously the newsserver (for me news.iol.it). I've copied it in another batch (./gonews). 9) Remove old messages With command slrnpull -d NEWSDIR --expire you delete from spool the messages not more valid, according file of configuration on point (5). 10) Setting of killfile slrn and slrnpull use a killfile to kill the messages not wished. File is called 'score' and you find it in: 'host_dir' for slrn and in 'news_directories' for slrnpull. The syntax is identical: [Group of newsgroup to set] Score: ### Interested_field: value to estimate and so on. The wildcards are admitted and so the regular expressions. Nb: the squares are necessaries. For example: [*] //For all newsgroup Score:: -9999 //I don't want see From: spammatore //Who is called spammer From: nome@hostname.it //a precise person Subject: sex //Msg with 'sex' in subj Subject: \c[a-c] //Msg with subj all upper case [it.scienza.medicina] //On this specified newsgroup Score: 999 //I'm interested on this argument Subject: depression Score: 999 //Evidence my post From: gberto Score: -999 //I don't care the prostate Subject: prostate and so on. NB: see the use of double two-points '::' if there are more fields associated to a same score that indicate dates to process. To use only one score file, you can create the file in a directory and a link in another. 11) CONCLUSIONS At this point we are ready to work offline with the news. To save money, at moment to update newsgroup you can connect on Internet, digit the command of point 7 (that download new messages and send other messages in spool, later close connection on Internet. At this point, offline, with commands at point (7) you read the news offline and you answer to messages that we care about. At the end, you can connect on Internet again, start again slrnpull with commands (to send our messages and we disconnect from Internet). 12) Others Remember that slrnpull doesn't permit to download only the header and select the bodies that we care, nut download all news messages. You will need more time during the connection, but in general you need only few seconds in more. 23c)VIDEO EFFECTS WITH WEBCAM Who is using Mandriva can download the following packets: NVrec-20020312.tar.gz or nvrec-20030316.tar.gz nasm-0.98-1.i386.rpm effectv-0.3.8.tar.gz Nvrec or nvrec it install itself (read however the file README) tar zxvf NVrec-20020312.tar.gz or tar zxvf nvrec-20030316.tar.gz /bootstrap /configure make make install. nasm-0.98-1.i386.rpm installa itself like that: rpm -i nasm-0.98-1.i386.rpm effectv-0.3.8.tar.gz install itself like that: tar zxvf effectv-0.3.8.tar.gz /configure (you control that are not required other libraries, otherwise download them) make make install If you have a webcam start this command from shell (control if you have the webcam (or the tv ??) on video0 or video1: effectv -device /dev/video1 -norm pal -hardware -doublebuffer -size 320x240 -palette yuv420p Now move with arrows above or below and good vision with many video effects. 24c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE MYSQL -Connect to a db mysql mysql -h 192.168.1.1 -u root -pyourpassword #(-p and yourpassword must be attached) -If you have the error 1045 (28000) like below written: MySQL AB :: MySQL Forums :: PHP :: Re: Error 1045 (28000) specific Follow how is written below: mysqladmin -u root password 'yourpassword' mysql -u root -pyourpassword -Add a user. mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to root identified by 'yourpassword'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) #yourpassword is the password #root is user -mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) -Create a database create database mydatabase; -Use a database use mydatabase; -Shows fields of database show columns from mydatabase; -Shows database presents show databases; -Shows the tables of a database show tables from mydatabase; -Describe table describe pcag; -Numbers rows of a table select count(*) from name_table; -Controls integrity table/s check table name_table; check tables first_table, second_table; -Repair broken table/s. check tables first_table, second_table; REPAIR TABLES first_table, second_table USE_FRM; check tables first_table, second_table; -Delete a database (ATTENTION) drop database mydatabase; -Delete a column from a table (ATTENTION) alter table pcag drop column namecolumn; -Insert a column into database alter table name_table add column id int not null primary key auto_increment; -Create and insert the fields in a table create table clients(id int not null primary key auto_increment, Lastname varchar(20), Name text, bornday varchar(2), bornmonth varchar(2)); -Insert dates into table insert into clients(Lastname, Name, bornday, bornmonth) values('Rossi', 'Andrea', '02', '11'); insert into clients(Lastname, Name, bornday, bornmonth) values('Bianchi', 'Lucio', '05', '12'); -Update a field in a column update clients set Lastname='Verdi' where Lastname='Bianchi'; or update clients set bornday='06' where bornday='05'; -Shows all table clients select * from clients; -Shows only a row with the search select * from clients where Name='Lucio'; -To delete an entire row delete from clients where id=18; -Delete all contained of a table truncate table clients; -Delete an entire row from a table delete from clients where number='2200'; -Repair a table corrupted. repair table nametable; -To close server mysql mysqladmin -u root -p shutdown; -Create a couple of database with daemon mysql activated: Teoric example (dump.sql you can call it how you want): mysqldump -opt "nome_database" > dump.sql Practical example: mysqldump --opt dizionario > dump.sql To restore all, you need to exec these commands: Create firstly all database called dictionary: create database dictionary; How restore the database: mysql dizionario < dump.sql Start mysql how server. Follow three procedures, choose what is better for you. 1???) Procedure Like root user: groupadd mysql useradd -g mysql mysql mysqld_safe --user=root & mysql -uroot -pyourpassword grant all privileges on *.* to root identified by 'yourpassword'; exit mysql -h 192.168.1.1 -u root -pyourpassword 2???) Procedure groupadd mysql useradd -g mysql mysql da root: su mysql (I've not created it) mysql_install_db mysqld_safe & mysql (and I'm entered in mysql) 3???) Procedure groupadd mysql useradd -g mysql mysql -Like root user exec mysql_install_db ( /usr/bin) -Change permissions to directories of tablespace of mysql (usually in /var/lib/mysql): chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql -Launch mysqld with command mysqld_safe -D /var/lib/mysql & -Change the root's password (mysqladmin -u root -p mypassword) -Close mysql (ps -aux and after kill -9 on process) -Restart and you'll see that it will be started perfectly at start of system. 25c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHP-NUKE Unzip PHP-Nuke-6.8.tar.gz in a directory. Remember to active always the database mysql (service mysql start) and the server web apache (service httpd start). Edit the file config.php and modify already the settings like that: $dbhost = "192.168.1.1"; $dbuname = "root"; $dbpass = "friends"; $dbname = "phpnuke"; $prefix = "nuke"; $user_prefix = "nuke"; $dbtype = "MySQL"; $sitekey = "SdFk*fa28367-dm56w69.3a2fDS+e9"; Create a user and the password in a database mysql and create the database phpnuke: mysql grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' identified by 'friends'; exit mysql -h localhost -u root -pfriends create database phpnuke; exit mysql phpnuke < /prova/php/php/sql/nuke.sql Move the directories and files from phpnuke6.8/php/html in /var/www/htdocs/ (or where you have inserted your first page in apache). Move also the directory sql under /var/www/htdocs/ Open a browser and write http://vostra_lan/admin.php, doesn't remain that create the user administrator and configure the rest. 26c)MANAGE THE CELLPHONE NOKIA WITH GNOKII ON LINUX This guide explains how use the cellphone nokia with a serial wire to connect it to a port com of computer. It's always possible configure the port irda in kernel and use gnokii both with port irda and infrared. Download from download-area of website http://www.gnokii.org/ the file gnokii-0.5.10.tar.gz the last available at moment I'm writing this document. Unzip it and install it like that (don't worry about messages that you will see): tar zxvf gnokii-0.5.10.tar.gz cd gnokii-0.5.10 /configure gmake make install Control having some files libgnokii* in /usr/local/lib Make a cat of file /etc/ld.so.conf and see if inside there is the row: /usr/local/lib At the end on shell write: /sbin/ldconfig cp gnokii-0.5.10/Docs/sample/gnokiirc /ownhome/.gnokiirc Edit new file copied and insert or substitute with own dates, mine are: port = /dev/ttyS0 model = 6210 connection = serial TELEPHONE = 328xxxxxxx Save file, connect the wire to port com and to the cellphone and start xgnokii (hold-on some second). To know if the connection works, you need to click with right key of mouse on image of gnokii and choice Contacts, after on File and on "Read from phone" (or click on first image above on left). If you see the list the numbers of telephone, you are ok and you can use the program completely. 27c)MTOOLS mdir a: ( list files present inside floppy) mcopy a:prova.bat (copy file prova.bat from floppy to current directory) mformat ( format with dos parameters) mdel a:prova.bat (delete file prova.bat from floppy) mdeltree (delete a directory and all its contained) 28c)DATABASE WITH OPENOFFICE Here we will create an intern database like Access on computer. Open Writer of OpenOffice, after on Tools and Data Sources. Click on New Data Sources, insert a name of db (for example Videocassetta), type of database dBase, now click on key near Data Source URL and choice an empty directory where will be created the database (db thinks to create an empty directory if you insert directly the name of directory), click on key Apply to apply the modify done. Now click on Tables and after on little square (New Table Designed), it will open a new window where we will have to write the name of columns. Under Field Name we will write the name (not more than 8 letters) some columns, and under Field Type will will choose of every column the type (it will can be only text, type integer that is only numbers, data type, or text but only of 20 letters, etc....). The page presents itself divided in 2 sides, clicking on Field Type, below you can specify the proprieties of every field. Hence this, at moment, it's our database "textual", later we will build the graphic. Field Name Field Type Name Film Text [VARCHAR] 10 Actor Text [VARCHAR] 20 Actor Text [VARCHAR] Year Prod. Text [VARCHAR] Save the database clicking on File - Save or on button Save. It will be required the name of table, write "dbfilm". Close the window clicking on X above on right and later on button Ok of window used before. Press key F4 or clicking on View - Data Sources, click on Videocassette, Tables, dbfilm. We Implement of 3 rows the database, write: Name Film 10Actor 20Actor Year Prod. L'attimo Fuggente Robin Williams Ethan Hawke 1976 Rocky Silvester Stallone Talia Shire 1978 Nuovo Cinema Paradiso Philippe Noiret Totr Cascio 1988 Every time that you go from one row to another, the db saved itself automatically. Doesn't remain that create the graphic side. Click with right key of mouse on dbfilm under Videocassette - Tables and choice Form AutoPilot. Now will appear a new window, under Data Source there will be written Videocassette, under Tables or queries there will be written dbfilm, move the names of columns on left clicking on button with the arrows toward right. Click on Next, now choice the graphic in "Arrangement of DB Fields", there are 5 types, clicking on one of these, it will change the screen below. Choice the edge of boxes and the color of background. Click on Create, it will appear a screen where it's asked to save the file, choice for ex. the previous directory "Videocassette". Now we have the screen with the first film. To save the db, once time modified a cell, to go in another screen of db, you need to insert the number below on left. Hence, use the bar below to operate. To reopen the db, you need to open OpenOffice, go on file-open and choice the file .sxw Under Linux: Connect on website http://www.unixodbc.org and download the file: unixODBC-2.2.8.tar.gz Unzip it and install it: tar zxvf unixODBC-2.2.8.tar.gz cd unixODBC-2.2.8 /configure make make install Connect to website http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/odbc/ and download the file: MyODBC-3.51.06-pc-linux-gnu-i686.tar.gz Unzip it and install it like that: tar zxvf MyODBC-3.51.06-pc-linux-gnu-i686.tar.gz cd MyODBC-3.51.06-pc-linux-gnu-i686 Read file INSTALL-BINARY, the informations are these: cp libmyodbc3* /usr/lib/ cd /usr/local/ ln -s /usr/lib/libmyodbc3 libmyodbc3.so #Modify file odbc.ini going to change only the row Driver: #Driver = /usr/lib/libmyodbc.so #cp odbc.ini /usr/local/etc/ export ODBCINI=/usr/local/etc/odbc.ini export ODBCSYSINI=/usr/local/etc Install qt3-unixODBC-3.3.3-24.i586.rpm: rpm2tgz qt3-unixODBC-3.3.3-24.i586.rpm (on Slackware write this command and after:) installpkg qt3-unixODBC-3.3.3-24.i586.tgz Install unixODBC-gui-qt-2.2.10-1.i386.rpm rpm2tgz unixODBC-gui-qt-2.2.10-1.i386.rpm install unixODBC-gui-qt-2.2.10-1.i386.tgz Launch ODBCconfig: Drivers -->add-> Set how it follows: Name: mysql Driver: /usr/local/libmyodbc3.so Setup: /usr/local/lib/libodbcmyS.so.1.0.0 UsageCount: 1 Con on V above on left. Click on OK. Active the server mysql and reactive ODBCconfig: Go in UserDNS -> add --> Set how it follows: Name: name database mysql that you care to see on OpenOffice. Driver: mysql Server: ip address of server mysql Database: name database mysql that you want to query. Click on V above on left. Click on OK. If you want add more databases to query, restart ODBCconfig and on UserDNS, Add, Ok and insert the parameters like above, obviously adding another database perhaps with another ip address for another server mysql. Open OpenOffice, select Tools --> DataSources. DatabaseType: mysql Mysql: UseExisting MyODBC data source. DataSource url: click on button near it and choice the databse that you want. Under insert the user whose connect and the required password. Click on button below, Apply, after above on Tables, insert the password. If you have error on file odbcinst, don't worry, go on, click on table at the end and click on button edit table (if you want modify it). Click on OK, after on key F4 of keyboard (you will see the db how is structured), instead if you want build a graphic interface (like and better then Access), click above on left on name of database, on tables, right key on table's name and after on Form AutoPilot. -On Windows: OpenOffice can connect itself to othe databases, show the table/s in text format (boxes like excel) and build inside it a graphic like Access, how written above. All of this has been done on a computer with Windows2000 that connect itself to a db mysql on linux. Download file MyODBC-3.51.06.exe and install it. Open Writer of OpenOffice after on Tools and DataSources. Click on New Data Sources, under General insert a name of db, Database type, choice MySQL, click above in MySQL, under "type of connection" choice "Use existing MyODBC data source".Under the written General, choice UserName to use to connect to database mysql and click on Password required. Near at Data source URL, click on button with little point on right, it will open a new screen. Under "Chose a data source" choice myodbc3-test, click on button Organize, it will open a new window and under the voice "DNS User" select again myodbc3-test, click on button Configure. Write how follows near the voices: Data Source Name: myodbc3-test Description: MySQL ODBC 3.51 TEST DSN Host/ServerName: Ip address where is present the server mysql active Database name: Name of database where you connect in User: Utente mysql to use to connect in (see how create an user in paragraph dedicated to mysql) Password: Password mysql to use to connect in (as above) Port: 3306 (usually it that of default) SQL command on connect: Leave empty the field Click now on "Test Data Source" and if appears "Successful Connected", you have almost finished. Click on button "OK" to close the three opened windows, click on "Apply" and after above on "Tables", it will be required a password, so insert the password of user mysql. If doesn't appear errors and if under "Tables" appear the tables, you are OK, you can modify the dates with button "edit table", or you can build a graphic interface like Access, exiting from this screen and pressing the key "F4" ....... read above. 29c)MPLAYER AND MENCODER RIP DVD Thank to Leonardo Lorenzetti aka Leone2000 (leone2000 (at) inwind.it) What download from Internet. What we need to download from website Mplayer: http://www.mplayerhq.hu/: sources of application: http://www2.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/releases/MPlayer-1.0pre5.tar.bz2 fonts for own language, the ???Western???: http://www1.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/releases/fonts/font-arial-iso-8859-1.tar.bz skin (at least one by default) for the graphic interface: http://www1.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/Skin/Blue-1.4.tar.bz2 codecs audio/video: http://www1.mplayerhq.hu/homepage/design7/codecs.html http://www1.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/releases/codecs/all-20040916.tar.bz2 All these files are almost 16 megabyte; to these we need to add all those useful components for a player audio/video. Usually all these distributions that I've tried (RedHat, Mandriva, SuSE, Slackware) install, by default, all what it's needed (that is, at least, the instruments of development (gcc), the (gtk) and the graphic server X), last thing to add, downloading it from Internet, is an econding of mp3, in this specific case Lame from http://lame.sourceforge.net/download/download.html and it goes installed itself (with the classic procedure): ./configure && make && make install???) before of Mplayer. Compile and install of principal program: Easily I'll exec all steps from command line, like I was root user: the first thing to do is to extract the sources of application and moving into directory created for extracting: leo@dark:~/tmp# bunzip2 Mplayer-1.0pre5.tar.bz2 leo@dark:~/tmp# tar xfv Mplayer-1.0pre5.tar leo@dark:~/tmp# cd MPlayer-1.0pre5/ The second step ???standard??? of a compilation under GNU/Linux is the "configure" that permit to write a file of settings (the Makefile) with a personalization for the computer, hence: leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre5# ./configure --enable-gui --language=it This will able the graphic interface with Italian language. In any case ./configure --help shows all the options of compilation (NOTE: the interface will be in Italian, however the man pages will be in English). If the configuration ends without errors, we can proceed with the true compilation and installation typing: leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre5# make && make install The program will be installed in /usr/local/bin. Other installations (codecs and graphic interface) At this point Mplayer would be ready, but to works correctly it needs of three things yet, two (fonts and the skin) specified for graphic interface, one (the codecs) useful for any use of application (graphic and textual). Hence we install the codecs audio/video: create, if it doesn't exist, the directory: mkdir /usr/local/lib/codecs leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre5# mkdir /usr/local/lib/codecs unzip file containing the codecs (extralite.tar.bz2) previously downloaded in this directory: leo@dark:/usr/local/lib/codecs/# bunzip2 extralite.tar.bz2 leo@dark:/usr/local/lib/codecs/# tar xvf extralite.tar leo@dark:/usr/local/lib/codecs/# mv extralite/* . leo@dark:/usr/local/lib/codecs/# rm -rf extralite/ To use Mplayer only from command line we are ready, to use graphic interface we'll add at least one skin............... create, if it doesn't exist, the directory: mkdir /usr/local/share/mplayer/Skin leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre5# mkdir /usr/local/share/mplayer/Skin unzip file containing the skin (ex. Blue-1.0.tar.bz2) in this directory: leo@dark:/usr/local/share/mplayer/Skin/# bunzip2 Blue-1.0.tar.bz2 leo@dark:/usr/local/share/mplayer/Skin/# tar xvf Blue-1.0.tar make a link of directory we had unzippping in "default": leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre5# ln -s Blue/ default ...........and the font (font-arial-iso-8859-1.tar.bz2): create, if it doesn't exist, the directory: /usr/local/share/mplayer/font leo@dark:~/tmp/MPlayer-1.0pre4# mkdir /usr/local/share/mplayer/font unzip file containing the fonts in a temporary directory: leo@dark:/tmp# bunzip2 font-arial-iso-8859-1.tar.bz2 leo@dark:/tmp# tar xvf font-arial-iso-8859-1.tar This extraction will create a directory containing different under_directories containing different files; these under_directories are referring to the size, kind of font, etc., for example in our case we have: leo@dark:/tmp$ cd font-arial-iso-8859-1 leo@dark:/tmp/font-arial-iso-8859-1$ ls -l total 6 -rw-r--r-- 1 leonardo users 218 Jul 14 02:02 README-arial-iso-8859-1 drwxr-xr-x 2 leonardo users 224 Jul 14 01:42 font-arial-14-iso-8859-1/ drwxr-xr-x 2 leonardo users 224 Jul 14 01:42 font-arial-18-iso-8859-1/ drwxr-xr-x 2 leonardo users 224 Jul 14 01:42 font-arial-24-iso-8859-1/ drwxr-xr-x 2 leonardo users 224 Jul 14 01:42 font-arial-28-iso-8859-1/ Hence, choice the directory that we want (personally I suggest font-arial-14-iso-8859-1, that is the character arial, dimension 14, european codific (iso-8859-1) and copy its contained in /usr/local/share/mplayer/font: [...]$ cp font-arial-14-iso-8859-1/* /usr/local/share/mplayer/font (NOTE: Someone told me that this procedure to install the fonts doesn't work correctly because, executing gmplayer, appear different errors in path of fonts; probably this happens because the version of packages of own distribution leave some file of configuration inside the system. To resolve this problem you need to go in home directory of user that is using the program and delete the directory .mplayer or you need to enter in this directory and modify the file gui.conf changing the voice font_name: from: /usr/share/mplayer/font/font.desc to: /usr/local/share/mplayer/font/font.desc" (thanks to Panther and to Burlamacco for the signal and to the last for the resolution). At this point the installation of Mplayer is finished; disconnect like root user, connect like a normal user and exec from shell: leo@dark:~$ gmplayer should open the graphic interface of Mplayer, to access to menu press with right button of mouse on window video of application. See dvd with command line: leo@dark:/tmp$ mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd (NOTE: mplayer supposes that the DVD player is /dev/dvd hence or you create a link into directory /dev (for ex. ln -s /dev/hdd /dev/dvd) or you use the option "-dvd-device" like in this case) (NOTE FOR SLACKWARE 9.1: I had to add my user to group "disk" to have access to DVD player because there are not more rights of read for "other": brw-rw---- 1 root disk 22, 64 Jun 9 2002 /dev/hdd) Surely how you know in every dvd can be recorded more that an audio trace: con mplayer it's possible choice the trace to extract/reproduce by the parameter -aid. But how I can know how many traces there are and extract that, that I need ??? For first thing you need to execute mplayer with the option -v (verborse) that will give an output of program with many details: mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd -v or mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -v (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). Flowing with Konsole (the terminal emulator of KDE) the output of command, whose above, can be see these rows: [open] audio stream: 0 audio format: ac3 (mono) language: it aid: 128 [open] audio stream: 1 audio format: ac3 (mono) language: en aid: 129 [open] number of audio channels on disk: 2.[open] number of subtitles on disk: 0 that identify the languages that are available on disk (language: it and language:en) and how identify them (aid: 128 and aid: 129) (note also the fact of presence of subtitles or not). Hence to reproduce our disk with English language, you'll have to write the command: mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdd -aid 129 or mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/sr0 -aid 129 (with kernel 2.6 recompiled). (usually the first language is 128). Commands from keyboard: Mplayer (also with graphic interface) can be used completely from keyboard and that can be difficult at start (you have to learn commands), but with time the manage of program will be more fast: The principal commands are (man mplayer for other and more complete informations): The arrows on keyboard: permit the search inside of media (right/left of 10 seconds ahead and back, up/down of 1 minute ahead and back); page-up and page-down: permit the search ahead and back of 10 minutes; bar on keyboard: pause; ESC: stop and exit from program; f: full-screen The following commands can be applied only for graphic interface: ENTER:play s: stop l: charge a file (load) 30c)FROM DIVX TO DVD -From DIVX to DVD (Graphic procedure): Programs required: *KDE DVD Authoring Wizard * kdewebdev * ImageMagick * MJPEGTools * Sox * DVDAuthor * MPlayer * Transcode Not required but advisabled): * Xine (for testing the DVD) * K3B After having installed these programs download: DVDAuthorWizard_1.04.tar.bz2 bunzip DVDAuthorWizard_1.04.tar.bz2 tar xvf DVDAuthorWizard_1.04.tar cd DVDAuthorWizard\ 1.04/ From Kde go on home and after click on directory DVDAuthorWizard\ 1.04/ click on file Installer.mkdr Install it (leave its settings as predefined) and launch it from menu on left inside Multimedia (DVD Authoring Application). Choice the title, the temporary directory and the file .mpeg2 (that is the dvd previously ripped). - From DIVX to DVD (Manual procedure) Insert the dvd-video in dvd reader: - Open the DiVX with the program avidemux2, and from menu on left: - Video: DVD (lavc) - Configure (F3): Encoding Type: Two Pass and leave the rest without touch anything. - V Filter (F1): DVD res - Active V Process (F5) - Audio: FFm AC3 (should go well also FFm MP2 and Wav PCM) - Configure (F4): Bitrate: 384 Kbits Stereo - A Filter: if needs: Resample to hz 48.000 Normalize - Active A Process (F6) - Outp. fmt: Mpeg A+V (PS) I save the video: pippo.mpg - dvdauthor -f pippo.mpg -o dvd/ - dvdauthor -T dvd/ - mkisofs -dvd-video -o pippo.iso dvd/ - growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd=pippo.iso 31c)ENABLE JAVA ON FIREFOX OR MOZILLA Download java for linux and download it for ex. in /usr/local/ you will have a directory: /usr/local/jre1.5.0_01/ Install Firefox or Mozilla for ex. in /usr/local/ you will have the directory: /usr/local/Firefox/ Now it doesn't remain that copy the link of a file inside the directory plugin of Firefox. In my case I've given this command: ln -s /usr/local/jre1.5.0_01/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so /usr/local/Firefox/plugins/ 32c)EMAILS WITH PINE Thanks to Stefano Pardini aka burlamacco (info at compaiuto.it) www.compaiuto.it and www.viareggiolinux.org Short info on email: Because the email can works correctly on your computer it's necessary that all components are correctly configured. The component to configure are: # il mail transfer agent (MTA) receives the mail from a remote host and transfers it to another host. Between more used there are qmail, sendmail, postfix. # Simple mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), is the language talked from MTA. # Post Office Protocol (POP) is an alternative language to SMTP, this is talked from MTA. # il mail user agent (MUA) is the program that you use to read and send the mail. Pine is an example of MUA. If you use a PPP connection to Internet you could have need of POP component, to receive messages of email. This HOWTO analyzes the use of pine to manage the email from console and to downloading of mail through the POP protocol just configured inside pine. What's Pine Pine acronym of "Pine is not Elm" is a manager of email presents in linux distributions and starts itself from console (no graphic). This means that with Pine you can work using only the keyboard saving time especially if you have to manage a lot of emails. Start Pine To start Pine write in shell "pine" and press the key Enter on keyboard. When you start Pine the first thing that you will have to do is configure the program. To start the configuration press S (setup) and later C (config) and move yourself with the buttons arrows up and down to pass from a row to another. For a minimal configuration type you could use with normal programs to manage the email like Kmail and Evolution, set the following parameters: * set your name and last-name (or what you want) in row "personal name"; * insert the user-domain that after the @ of your provider, in my case is: libero.it; * insert the server smtp of your provider in "smtp-server" (for example mail.libero.it); * insert the path of file used to save the mail oncoming (in unix systems normally is /usr/spool/mail/$USER), in my case is: inbox_path={popmail.libero.it/pop3/user=myusername}INBOX; * insert the name of file used to store the messages sent in "default-fcc" (for example sent-mail); * insert the name of file used to save messages in "default-saved-msg-folder" (for example saved-mail); * insert the name of file that contains the drafts in postponed-folder(for example postponed); * if you want move messages read in a file defined at exit from pine, you have to insert the name of file in "read-message-folder" (for example read); * in main menu move you with the key arrow down in customized-hdr and insert the email address of sender to use by default in my case customized-hdrs=Stefano ; * at the end search the row # Reflects capabilities of the display you have, that of default is ASCII, and insert character-set=ISO-8859-1. Now you can go out from setup pressing the key E and confirming the modified at file with Y. Pine by default save the messages into directory $HOME/mail that will be created start pine. You have to think that Pine offers many other functions and options that you can configure and arrange of an help well done and exhaustive. You can also act directly on file of configuration with some editor like emacs or vim (try to open a shell in your home and write: emacs .pinerc or vim .pinerc). You can also give colors to Pine going into section with key K. Multiple accounts With Pine naturally is possible configure also more accounts in case you have other email. To configure Pine to manage of multiple account open file .pinerc with a text-editor like written above, search the row: # List of incoming msg folders besides INBOX, e.g. = {host2}inbox, {host3}inbox hence create your account like above: incoming-folders={popmail.inwind.it/pop3/user=miousername}inbox. Exit from Pine To exit from Pine exec the following operations. Press Q, Pine will ask you to confirm the exit (you can disable it) and confirm pressi key Y. Download the email To download the email start Pine, it will be asked the inserting of password of you main account, proceed for the download. To read the email you have to move yourself pressing L in list of directories, use the arrows keys,underline the INBOX and press Enter to read the emails are arriving. If you have another account configured, later move yourself into inbox of second account, press Enter and insert the password. The procedure is the same of before. Save a message To save a message when you are into INBOX wished, that where you have the email in arrive, select the message with key S and press ENTER. Compose and send a message To compose a message press C, insert the address of addressee in field To: and if you want to fill the field cc:, after if you want you can to attach a file. To attach a file press Ctrl+T to start the administrator of file of Pine, enter into directory where you have the file selecting it and pressing Enter, choose file to attach and confirm the choice with Enter. To move use the keys arrow. Insert the subject and write the text of email. When you have finished to send the email press Ctrl+x and confirm with Enter. Pine will show you in percentage the advancing of shipment of message. Print a message To print an email, follow this procedure. Press L to move into list of directories, underline the directory wished and select the message. Press the key y to send the message to printer. The printer has to be configured in Pine, press M to enter in main menu, followed from S and from P to access to menu of configuration of your printer. In setup of pine tick-off the option "enable-print-via-y-command" that you found in section [Printer Preferences]. The address-book The address-book of Pine is an instrument much easy to use, to open the address-boot use the key M to access at the same main menu and press A. Pine will show a list of shor names and addresses email. The short names are associated to addresses e-mail to avoid to write every time all the addresses long and difficult to remember. To create a short name you can start from a message received, while you are reading it, press T select the address, press Enter and write the Nickname, after insert in Fullname the full name and confirm. To complete the operation press Ctrl+x and Y to save. To cancel the operation press Ctrl+c. You can do the same operation also without start from message received, enter into address-book and press @ and follow the same steps of before, with the unic difference that yo will have to insert by hand the address email. If you want to create a mailing-list to which send a message, in field Addresses insert the addresses separated from commas. When you are inside the address-book and you want to send an email to one of nick-names, select it and press C to compose the message. Filter the mail With Pine you can filter the email in arrive for example if you are enrolled to a mail-list and you want save the email arriving from that mail-list in a directory predefined. You must identify something that distinguish the email that arrive from mail-list. If you are enrolled to a hypothetical list paperopoli-list@paperopoli.com and you want save the messages into directory "paperopoli", press M and after S to access to setup of Pine, press R and go to the screen "Add a Rule" press Enter and insert like short name "filter mailing list paperopoli". Move to field "To pattern", press Enter and digit "paperopoli-list@paperopoli.com" followed from another Enter. Move yourself to the row "Filter Action" and after on "Move to Folder", press Enter and digit "paperopoli" (paperopoli is the directory where will be saved the messages). So you will have just created a filter press E and Y to exit. Expedients. In following section select the options suggested, these will help you to work better. [Advanced User Preferences] [X] auto-move-read-msgs [X] expunge-without-confirm [X] expunge-without-confirm-everywhere [X] quit-without-confirm search the following row and arrange a value (ex.): mail-check-intervals = 24000 Finally search the following row and arrange a valid path (ex.): url-viewers = /root/browser/MozillaFirebird/MozillaFirebird. Conclusions: I've decided to write this HOWTO, because I've found much efficient the manage of email from console and because much documentation that I've searched time ago on Internet was and is in english language. So, I've thought to give my little contribution to all that will want try this solution and that by these easy indications will suggest to configure and personalize Pine. 33c)SWARET INSTALL UPGRADE UNINSTALL PACKETS ON SLACKWARE Swaret is a program that permit to install, upgrade and delete the packets of Slackware, resolving automatically the dependences. Download the program from here: http://www.swaret.org/ Install it like that: installpkg swaret-X.X.X.tgz (depends from version) Go on directory /etc/ and rename the file swaret.conf.net in swaret.conf like that: mv swaret.conf.new swaret.conf Modify eventually the file /etc/swaret.conf if you want improve on modifies. To have a list of commands write: swaret --help Give this command to have a list of packets updated: swaret --update To have a list updated of packet write: swaret --list Now you can decide if install a packet, if updated it or if uninstall it. Near the name of packet will appear the writtens: [Status: INSTALLED] [Status: NOT INSTALLED] Take like reference all the packet's name, copy it and insert it after --install, ad es: swaret --install gimp-print-4.2.5-i386-1 swaret --upgrade xmms-1.2.8-i486-2 34c)GPG We generate the public and private keys: gpg --gen-key The program will ask a question like that: Please choose what kind of key do you want: (1) DSA e ElGamal (default) (2) DSA (only sign) (5) RSA (only sign) What do you choose? We choose 1 (that by default) Other question: The couple DSA will have 1024 bit. I'm going to generate a new couple of keys ELG-E. The minimum dimension is 768 bit The predefined dimension is 1024 bit The max dimension advertised is 2048 bit What kind of dimension do you want? (1024) We choose 1024 (the predefined dimension). Other question: Please specify for how much time the key will be valid. 0 = the key will not expire = the key will expire after n days w = the key will expire after n weeks m = the key will expire after n months y = the key will expire after n years Valid key for? (0) We choose 0 (it will has not expire). Other question: ey has not expiration It's correct (y/n)? We choose y (yes) Now the program will ask the Name and LastName, the email and a comment and the confirm, digit the letter O Other question: You need a passphrase to protect you secret key. Insert the passphrase: (write it twice). At the end we will have: public and secret keys created and signed. definitively reliable marked keys. Now we export the public key with the following command: gpg --armor --export We obtain the list of keys with this command: gpg --list-keys To export a public key: Use this command (indicate a parameter of user, ex. the email) gpg --armor --export cristianm@aliceposta.it or if you want save it in a binary file gpg --output cristian.gpg --export cristianm@aliceposta.it To import a public key: gpg --import blake.gpg gpg --list-keys Convalid an imported key: gpg --edit-key blake@cyb.org fpr sign check To cipher a file (obviously you must have the file.gpg of addressee): Crypt a file (it will be created the file prova.txt.gpg): gpg --list-keys (you have a list of keys and of the owners) gpg -e -r cepost prova.txt (-e means encrypt, -r you need to insert a part of name) Sign a file: gpg -r macalu -s -o prova.txt --encrypt prova.txt.gpg Crypt and sign the file: gpg --output doc.gpg --encrypt --sign --recipient lmpinto@dei.uc.pt documenttocrypt_and_sign Decipher a file: gpg --decrypt prova.txt.gpg (it will be required the passphrase of user) or If the key has sent to you by a text-file, you can import it with this command: gpg --import filewiththekeytoimport.asc To create a certificate to revoke the key in a second time from keyserver in case it is lost or corrupted, use these command: gpg --gen-revoke KEYID > revoke.asc to revoke the key: gpg --import revoke.asc gpg --send-key KEYID To sign a key, use this command: gpg --edit-key KEYID If appears always this message "gpg: Attention: you are using uncertain memory! " ?" operate following this: Inside file /home/user/.gnupg/options you need to insert the string: no-secmem-warning. To avoid the annoyance of warnings, the method more fast is surely that to disable them. If but you too listen them (and do them disappear however), it's possible that gpg works using "uncertain memory) using suid: # chown root /path/to/gpg # chmod u+s /path/to/gpg 35c)SQLITE Sqlite is a light database, and completely free (also in business company), neither 1 mega that supports a database until a 2.41 terabyte. It will follow the installation under Slackware 10. Connect to website www.sqlite.org/download/ and download from Source code the version actually available: http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-3.0.2.tar.gz Unzip it and install it like user root: tar zxvf sqlite-3.0.2.tar.gz cd sqlite ./sqlite/configure make cp -f sqlite3 /usr/bin/sqlite You can start Sqlite from shell, writing: sqlite -Create a database: sqlite mieicd One time you have been out from database, it will be created a file with the name of database into directory where you are. If you want use the same database, or you have to move into directory where file is present or you must to say to sqlite where is the database, now 2 examples: cd /tmp sqlite mieicd or sqlite /tmp/mieicd -Create a table that auto-increment itself, inserting and visualization: create table cd (a integer primary key, b integer); insert into cd values(null, 123); insert into cd values(null, 546); insert into cd values(null, 879); select * from cd; -Change the dates of table cd of column b from 123 to 101112 update cd set b='101112' where b='123'; -Other example, create a table: create table nominativi (nome text, cognome text); -Insert of dates on table insert into nominativi values('pippo', 'cosimi'); insert into nominativi values('pluto', 'cairo'); -Have a list of databases: .databases -Have a list of tables on database:: .tables -Have a schema of table/s created: .schema -Delete a table: drop table nominativi; -Show the contained of a table: select * from nominativi; -If you want show in different ways the contained, write on of the following commands: .mode list select * from nominativi; .separator ", " select * from nominativi; .mode line select * from nominativi; .mode column select * from nominativi; .width 12 6 select * from nominativi; -Insert a new column on database (complete example). ATTENTION, BEFORE MAKE A COPY OF FILE-DATABASE sqlite prova #Create a table sqlite> create table t1(a text, b text); #Start the transaction sqlite> BEGIN TRANSACTION; #Create a temporary table equal to the other table sqlite> CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b); #Does a copy and past from first table to temporary table sqlite> INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1; #Derete the first table sqlite> DROP TABLE t1; #Create the new table with the new column sqlite> CREATE TABLE t1(a text,b text,c text); #Does a copy from temporary table to new table sqlite> INSERT INTO t1 (a,b) select * FROM t1_backup; #Delete the temporary table sqlite> DROP TABLE t1_backup; #Ends the transaction sqlite> COMMIT; #Control columns names sqlite> .schema -Rename a column (complete example) ATTENTION, BEFORE MAKE A COPY OF FILE-DATABASE sqlite prova #Create a table sqlite> create table t1(a text, b text); #Start the transaction sqlite> BEGIN TRANSACTION; #Create a temporary table equal to the other table sqlite> CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b); #Does a copy and post from first table to the temporary table sqlite> INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1; #Delete the first table sqlite> DROP TABLE t1; #Create new table with new name of column sqlite> CREATE TABLE t1(a text,botte text); #Does a copy from temporary table to new table sqlite> INSERT INTO t1 (a,botte) select * FROM t1_backup; #Delete the temporary table sqlite> DROP TABLE t1_backup; #End the transaction. sqlite> COMMIT; #Control columns names sqlite> .schema -Convert a database in a file ascii: echo '.dump' | sqlite nominativi | gzip -c >ex1.dump.gz -Rebuild the database from file ascii zcat ex1.dump.gz | sqlite ex2 -Export a database SQLite in a database Postgresql: createdb ex2 echo '.dump' | sqlite ex1 | psql ex2 -Exit from sqlite: .exit oppure .quit -Graphic interface for sqlite: Connecting to this address you find a graphic interface (Linux and Windows) to manage the database sqlite: http://sqlitebrowser.sourceforge.net/ Sotto windows basta scompattare il file zippato ed avviarlo, stessa cosa sotto linux: tar zxvf sqlitebrowser-1.1-i386.tar.gz ./sqlitebrowser -Connect sqlite with OpenOffice through graphic interface. Under Windows install drivers sqliteodbc-win32.zip from: http://www.ch-werner.de/sqliteodbc/ unzipping and clicking on inst.exe Create a database with sqlite (like written above), open OpenOffice, go in Tools, DataSources, click on NewDataSources. On Database type choice ODBC and click on button aside, in new windows choice SQLite Datasource, click on Organize, after on DSN of system, SQLite Datasource, Configure, at the end click on Browse and choice the directory where is present the database sqlite .db. Click on Ok, Apply, Ok, reselecting SQLite Datasource, Ok, Apply and above on Tables. If you can see the database sqlite, you can go on a empty page Write, press the key F4, select the name database, Tables and the name of table, click on it with the right button of mouse and choice FormAutopilot. -Will follow an example of script in perl (download and install the specific modules from search.cpan.org): tar zxvf Net-Daemon-0.38.tar.gz cd Net-Daemon-0.38/ perl Makefile.PL make make install tar zxvf PlRPC-0.2018.tar.gz cd PlRPC-0.2018/ perl Makefile.PL make make install tar zxvf DBI-1.43.tar.gz cd DBI-1.43/ perl Makefile.PL make make install tar zxvf DBD-SQLite-1.03.tar.gz cd DBD-SQLite-1.03/ perl Makefile.PL make make install #Insert at least 2 my like on example, otherwise doesn't work. #!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $dbh=DBI->connect ("dbi:SQLite:dbname=/tmp/prova.db") or die "$!"; my $sth = $dbh->do("CREATE TABLE pippo (indice int, dato char(10))"); $sth = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO pippo VALUES (?,?)"); $sth->execute(1,'ciao'); $sth = $dbh->prepare("select * from pippo"); $sth->execute(); while ( my @row=$sth -> fetchrow_array() ) { print "one: $row[0], two: $row[1]\n"; } $dbh -> disconnect(); exit; -Will follow an example of script in python (download the specific module from http://www.vex.net/parnassus/): #!/usr/bin/python import sqlite cx = sqlite.connect("/tmp/prova.db") cu = cx.cursor() cu.execute("select * from pippo") print cu.fetchone() 36c)P2P with aMule Will follow 2 Methods to install aMule (vers. .tar.gz and .tgz for Slackware). - We need to install the library wxWidgets, Cryptopp and aMule (actually version available 2.0.rc5). Connect to website: http://www.wxwindows.org/ and download the library for Linux (Unix/GTK+), in our case I'll download the version tar.gz 2.4.2 (wxGTK-2.4.2.tar.gz). Connect later to website www.amule.org and download the version aMule-2.0.0rc5.tar.gz and click after on link cryptopp aside and download the version 5.2.1.tar.bz2 Download also wxall-2.5.3. From user unzip the file wxGTK-2.4.2.tar.gz: tar zxvf wxGTK-2.4.2.tar.gz cd wxGTK-2.4.2 ./configure --with-gtk make su (insert the password of root) make install ldconfig exit Da utente root scompattare ed installare wxall-2.5.3. Scompattare il file crypto-5.2.1.tar.bz2 cosl: bunzip crypto-5.2.1.tar.bz2 tar xvf crypto-5.2.1.tar cd crypto-5.2.1/ make cp libcryptopp.a /usr/lib/ mkdir /usr/include/cryptopp cp *.h /usr/include/cryptopp/ ldconfig Unzip the file aMule-2.0.0rc5.tar.gz like that: tar zxvf aMule-2.0.0rc5.tar.gz cd aMule-2.0.0rc5 ./configure make (If you see an error "cryptopp" don't worry) make install At this point doesn't remain that launch from command line by xterm: amule and click on little button under the big button "Connect", it will download the server available in that moment. -If you have the Slackware go on website http://www.linuxpackages.net/ and insert on Searchpkg the writtens wxgtk, crypto and amule to show the version Slackware you got. One time downloaded 3 files, write: installpkg wxGTK-2.4.2-i486-1.tgz installpkg aMule-2.0.0rc5-i486-1pcx.tgz installpkg cryptopp-5.1-i486-1pcx.tgz installpkg wxall-2.5.3-i486-1tsu.tgz Open xterm and write: amule 37c)GTKAM AND DIGITAL CAMERA I'll describe how connect a digital camera (Hp M307) to gnu-linux and how download from this, through usb wire, pictures and films. The installation under Slackware: Go on www.linuxpackages.net and download the packages format .tgz Install them like that: installpkg gphoto2.2.0.tar.gz installpkg gtkam-0.1.13.tgz installpkg libgphoto2-2.1.4-i386-2mht.tgz Or connect to website http://www.gphoto.org/ and download the packages: gphoto2-2.1.4.tar.gz gtkam-0.1.12.tar.gz libgphoto2-2.1.4.tar.gz Unzip files with: tar zxvf gphoto2-2.1.4.tar.gz tar zxvf gtkam-0.1.12.tar.gz tar zxvf libgphoto2-2.1.4.tar.gz Enter in these 3 directories just created and write: ./configure && make && make install Launch the program gtkam, click on Camera and "add Camera". I've chosen "USB PTP Class Camera" with port "Universal Serial Bus". Or click on "Enhaced" and on Apply. At this point, if you already have done a picture or a film, you will see appear it on right of the screen. To show it or save it, click over on it with right button of mouse. 38c)CONNECT LINUX WITH BLUETOOTH AND CELLPHONE I'll explain how to connect a cellphone Nokia 6600 (also other cellphones are good), a Slackware 10 with kernel 2.6.8.1 and a usb stick bluetooth usb. Recompile the kernel 2.6.8.1, go in Device-Drivers, Networking-Support, Bluetooth-Support and select inside it or like module or like asterisk (or y). Recompile the kernel like that: make menuconfig make all && make modules_install generate-modprobe.conf cp -f System.map /boot cd arch/i386/boot cp -f bzImage /boot Reboot computer, go here in (http://bluez.sourceforge.net) and download these files: bluez-firmware-1.0.tar.gz bluez-hciemu-1.0.tar.gz bluez-hcidump-1.12.tar.gz bluez-libs-2.10.tar.gz bluez-utils-2.10.tar.gz bluez-pin-0.24.tar.gz Unzip them and install them like that: tar zxvf bluez-firmware-1.0.tar.gz tar zxvf bluez-hciemu-1.0.tar.gz tar zxvf bluez-hcidump-1.12.tar.gz tar zxvf bluez-libs-2.10.tar.gz tar zxvf bluez-utils-2.10.tar.gz tar zxvf bluez-pin-0.24.tar.gz Enter inside new directories created and install the software. ./configure make make install Download and install the file ussp-push (permit the transfer of files): ussp-push.tgz (search it on google or for your directory) Insert the usb stick bluetooth Now from command line write: /etc/rc.d/rc.hotplug stop (on Slackware) /etc/rc.d/rc.hotplug start (on Slackware) hcid sdpd hciconfig hci0 up If you have an error like: Can't get device info: No such device Reinsert the usb stick, and give the command, otherwise reboot computer with usb stick inserted. hcitool scan (that it will have to give you a equal thing to this): Scanning ... 00:0E:6D:45:A8:96 Panther #You will need this code to modify file rfcomm.conf rfcomm connect 00:0E:6D:45:A8:96 Now the cellphone will ask you the pin (insert 12345) and accept the new connection bluetooth. We create a file miopin.sh and modify the file hcid.conf, so to have an automatic procedure. Create file mypin.sh in /etc/bluetooth/ cd /etc/bluetooth/ vi mypin.sh #!/bin/sh echo "PIN:12345" #(usually this is the pin) chmod 770 mypin.sh Modify the file /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf Like that: # PIN helper #pin_helper /usr/bin/bluepin; pin_helper /etc/bluetooth/mypin.sh; # Local device class #class 0x100; class 0x100100; Modify the file /etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf like that: # # RFCOMM configuration file. # # $Id: rfcomm.conf,v 1.1 2002/10/07 05:58:18 maxk Exp $ # rfcomm0 { # Automatically bind the device at startup bind no; # Bluetooth address of the device #device 11:22:33:44:55:66; device 00:0E:6D:45:A8:96 # RFCOMM channel for the connection channel 10; # Description of the connection #comment "Example Bluetooth device"; comment "Nokia 6600" } Now we can install 2 graphic programs to interact with cellphone: KMobileTools e KdeBluetooth We download kmobiletools from here: http://download.berlios.de/kmobiletools/kmobiletools-0.4.0.tar.gz http://download.berlios.de/kmobiletools/kmobiletools-i18n-0.4.0.tar.gz Like usual, unzip them and install them with: tar zxvf kmobiletools-0.4.0.tar.gz tar zxvf kmobiletools-i18n-0.4.0.tar.gz ./configure && make && make install Launch kmobiletools and in "mobile phone device" insert: /dev/rfcomm0 Or install kdebluetooth like that: bunzip2 http://www.stud.uni-karlsruhe.de/~uddw/kdebluetooth/kdebluetooth-0.0.cvs2004 1016.tar.bz2 tar xvf kdebluetooth/kdebluetooth-0.0.cvs20041016.tar ./configure && make && make install Launch later: kbluetoothd 39c)EMAIL WITH MUTT FETCHMAIL AND POSTFIX Thanks to Stefano Pardini that manage website www.compaiuto.it and www.viareggiolinux.org Again a mini-tutorial on electronic email from console. This time we will talk about client Mutt and about Fetchmail. It will be happened to you using Linux to peer between different mail-clients that you find on distribution, between these on of most famous is Mutt. Mutt is a program much powerful and light, of which difficultly you will succeed to not use just you will use to use it. In this mini-howto we will analyze the recovery of email through "fetchmail", after we will proceed to create of a mail with client Mutt and to its shipment through a MTA. At the end we will talk also about SSMTP, a little program the can substitute MTA more famouses, such as postfix and exim. The first step will be that to create the maildir with "mkdir MuttMail" and later install fetchmail and configure it. Fetchmail, Mutt and Postfix are usually presents on disks of installation of all distro Linux. To use Fetchmail will be necessary create file .fetchmailrc with an text-edito which for ex. vim. An example of .fetchmailrc could be this: poll popmail.libero.it with proto POP3 timeout 60 user myusername password yourpassword Obviously use and password will have to correspond to those of your account. The file such as configure it's easily interpretable and that is used the protocol pop3 to download the mail from server. To this file you will have to give these permissions: "chmod 0710 .fetchmailrc", it will be readable only to its owner. The second step will be to proceed with installation and configuration of Mutt. You can personalize Mutt and you can configure it in many ways, I've inserted at the end of tutorial and example of .muttrc that you can download and naturally edit it. Inside the file you will see a lot of functions, some of them of difficult understanding. Read the comments to understand what involves the described function. Try and eventually modify as you want the file .muttrc. On Internet Mutt has many documentation and also its manual is rich and well done. To have more news write "man shell", after search the manual and read it carefully. In my file .muttrc I've "commented" the functions in which I'm more interested in personalizing it. We proceed now with a test of downloading of email opening a shell and writing the command: "fetchmail -v" or more easily "fetchmail" (naturally without commas). The email downloaded goes in /var/spool/mail/nameuser At this point we write mutt in shell and launch the program with which we will can see the messages that we have created. You open a message will be sufficient select it going up and down with the keys arrows, and pressing Enter on keyboard. To compose a message press "m" and insert first the address of addressee followed from Enter, after the subject of mail always followed from Enter, at the end one time that editor will open itself (in my case is vim), you write the text of email. Inside of editor you will have to have the same behavior such as you do when you write a document. One time finished to write the message, you go out from vim and save it. You will find newly inside the screen of client and pressing "y" you will can send you mail. To send your mail you will have to access to a server SMTP that it is in a position to making from relayer, otherwise you won't send any mail. Remember also that some provider send messages inside of their domain only if you are connected to Internet with their account, this because so you are part of their domain. The program that I use is Postfix, one of most famous Mail Transfert Agent, its configuration cannot be defined an easy operation, but who want use this MTA, can use many tools that you can find on your distro. For Suse you can use Yast, with Fedora for example exist a little tool that permit to choice MTA, after that you will can also edit the file by hand: main.cf in /etc/postfix/ and insert the relayhost in this way: relayhost=mail.yourprovider.it or relayhost=smtp.yourprovider.it. Save and restart postfix, you will be ready to send email with command "sendmail -q". On Debian Sarge I've downloaded postfix with apt, during the download will appear a screen for the configuration of MTA, set also here the relayhost and you will try to send messages without problems. An alternative to a MTA like postfix could be SSMTP a little program that can replace it dearly, for example in a little emplacement "home". I've set ssmtp on Slackware 9.1-10 and I've found it very functional and easy to configure. During the installation is required to define the mailhub that in my case is mail.libero.it. In this way the mail will be delivered from server of Libero, because my address is myuser@libero.it Who is using Slackware, exists the packet tgz of ssmtp (during installation you will have to insert the mailhub and the port [25] to send mails), for the others distro you can exec installation following the instructions of readme. If you chooce to use ssmtp, you will have to say to Mutt to not send the mail with postfix, hence we edit newly file .muttrc and we insert the following row: set sendmail="insert the path of exec of ssmtp leaving also the ". When you leave from Mutt (letter "q"), it will be required if you want to archive the read messages that will become moved from spool of enter to mbox. If you want you can create a mailbox to archive the mail of senders, using "s" and following the easy instructions on video. With "c" you will can open a mailbox and pass from another, even to read the mail, if we write mbox after "c" we will can see again the messages archived before.One time that we will have done the try, if all goes well, you can download the mail opening Mutt and pressing the letter "G" with the (upper case), without worrying to be worried to write in shell how you have done formerly. With Mutt naturally we can create also of alias for addresses-email, to do this you have to press the letter "a", and follow the instructions on video. For all the other options, that are many, you can read the guide on which you will can access easily pressing "?". And remember to read also the manual of Mutt..... Sign the messages with Mutt If you want to sign the messages you will have to create the file with the sign, I have created the file ".signature.mutt" in this way: -- E-mail From: Stefano Pardini Operating System GNU/Linux E-Mail Client: Mutt 1.5.6 Linux - The choice of GNU generation! It's important to format the sign, that is way are inserted the hyphens and the space before the text. The hyphens and the space are like delimitator, when Mutt meets a delimitators, knows that after there is the sign and distinguish it with a different color from text of message. File of the sign have to be in home of user. Some briefs notions: MUA means Mail User Agent, that is the program used to write and read the mail. MTA is the acronym of Mail Transfer Agent. The MTA are usually of servers, that is they are busy to "feel" if there is mail, decide where send it and send it. fetchmail is almost a MTA POP3: Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is actually the protocol more used for the download of email. The protocol POP3 described in RFC 1939, gives functions base to download and delete the mail from a mail server. To follow the process of download is established a connection type TCP between the client and the server POP3 listening the port 110. A typical session POP3 is characterized from following phases: 1) The client POP3 connect itself to server POP3 and it listen the port 110 expecting the connections; 2) One time you are connected the server send a message to client usually indicating the name and/or the version of software server. 3) Now it's possible to go to the phase of authentication where the client must send to server POP3 the commands USER nameuser and PASS password. One time the client has been authenticated it's possible exec the operations such as read, delete a message, etc..... Notes: a) The files .muttrc, .fetchmailrc, are file hidden, to see them in shell "ls -a", I've written an example of .muttrc in format .txt b) I advice you warmly to read some guide on use of email before to proceed to do experiments. On Internet you can fine much documentations easily doing a search with google; c) This mini-howto is written so everyone can use the client mutt for a normal use on emplacement home and protocol pop3. I hope having success on it: The example of .muttrc!: #start of file # # Sample ~/.muttrc for GNU/Linux # # # Setting # set pager_context=4 set pager_index_lines=10 set pager_stop # # Binding # bind pager previous-page bind pager - previous-line bind pager \eOm previous-line bind pager + next-line bind pager \eOk next-line bind pager \eOM next-line bind pager \e[1~ top bind pager \e[4~ bottom bind index previous-entry bind index - previous-entry bind index \eOm previous-entry bind index + next-entry bind index \eOk next-entry bind index \eOM display-message bind index \e[H first-entry bind index \e[F last-entry bind index \e[1~ first-entry bind index \e[4~ last-entry bind alias select-entry bind alias x exit bind attach x exit bind browser x exit set delete=yes #delete without ask it set include=yes #quote the messages at answer set markers=no #don't add a "+" when go on next line set sig_dashes=no set editor = "vim -f \"+set tw=72\" " #set the limit of 72 character on message set folder="$HOME/MuttMail" #this is the maildir of Mutt set postponed="$HOME/MuttMail/bozze" #this is the directory bozze set record="$HOME/MuttMail/sent" #The email sent are saved here bind pager h display-toggle-weed #you show the header with button h # Exec fetchmail pressing the button G macro index G "!fetchmail" macro pager G "!fetchmail" ## PERSONAL OPTIONS set from="miousername@libero.it" set realname="Stefano Pardini" set envelope_from=yes # active the use of personal headers 'my_hdr' set hdrs my_hdr From: Stefano Pardini my_hdr Return-Path: Stefano Pardini my_hdr Reply-To: miousername@libero.it # This is the list of header to pull out when the email is showed ignore * unignore Date To From: Subject X-Mailer Organization User-Agent hdr_order Date From To Subject X-Mailer User-Agent Organization ## Option of composition # file containing the sign set signature = $HOME/.signature.mutt ## Sending option # permit the use of all characters at 8 bit set allow_8bit ##We color Mutt giving it a nicely aspect ##These are for 4 levels of quoted text. ##Are overwritten the settings of system contained in /etc/mutt/Muttrc #color quoted green default color quoted1 magenta blue #color quoted2 yellow default #color quoted3 red default #color signature cyan cyan color hdrdefault brightcyan blue color header brightwhite blue "^from:" color header brightwhite blue "^subject:" color quoted brightgreen blue color signature brightwhite blue color indicator blue green color error red black mono error bold color status black cyan mono status bold color tree yellow blue color tilde brightmagenta blue color body brightwhite blue "[-a-z_0-9.]+@[-a-z_0-9.]+" mono body bold "[-a-z_0-9.]+@[-a-z_0-9.]+" color body brightyellow black "^Good signature" mono body bold "^Good signature" color body brightwhite red "^Bad signature from.*" mono body bold "^Bad signature from.*" color normal white blue color message green black color attachment brightgreen blue #end of file At this point I wish you good work. 40c)NETGEAR MA111 USB STICK WIRELESS PEN ON SLACKWARE Thanks to: startx. Download netgear from here: ftp://ftp.linux-wlan.org/pub/linux-wlan-ng/linux-wlan-ng-0.2.5.tar.gz The kernel used is 2.4.29. $ tar -zxvf linux-wlan-ng-0.2.5.tar.gz $ cd linux-wlan-ng-0.2.5/ $ make config -------------- Linux WLAN Configuration Script ------------- The default responses are correct for most users. Build Prism2.x PCMCIA Card Services (_cs) driver? (y/n) [y]: n Build Prism2 PLX9052 based PCI (_plx) adapter driver? (y/n) [y]: n Build Prism2.5 native PCI (_pci) driver? (y/n) [y]: n Build Prism2.5 USB (_usb) driver? (y/n) [y]: y Linux source directory [/lib/modules/2.4.29/build]: /usr/src/linux The kernel source tree is version 2.4.29. The current kernel build date is Thu Jan 20 16:30:37 2005. Alternate target install root directory on host []: Module install directory [/lib/modules/2.4.29]: It looks like you have a BSD-ish init file setup. Prefix for build host compiler? (rarely needed) []: Build for debugging (see doc/config.debug) (y/n) [y]: y Configuration successful. $ make all # make install Edit the file in /etc/wlan/wlan.conf WLAN_DEVICES="wlan0" ChannelList="01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:10:11:12:13:14:0a:0b:00:00:00" #(remember that netgear receives from 1/14) ChannelMinTime=200 ChannelMaxTime=250 WLAN_SCAN=n (y if you want able the automatic search of channel) SSID_wlan0="linux-wlan" #(you can assign some name you need to remember that will have to exist its wlancfg-linux-wlan in /etc/wlan/ esempio SSID_wlan0="myaccessp" /etc/wlan/wlancfg-myaccessp) ENABLE_wlan0=y #SSID_wlan1="" #ENABLE_wlan1=n #SSID_wlan2="" #ENABLE_wlan2=n and the files wlancfg-linux-wlan ( if it's not specified the name of SSID the default is wlancfg-DEFAULT) This exampel rapresents the configuration of access to a an access-point the use the channel 11 with cryptation of the key wep to 128bits and system shared for sharing of keys. lnxreq_hostWEPEncrypt=true # true|false lnxreq_hostWEPDecrypt=true # true|false dot11PrivacyInvoked=true # true|false dot11WEPDefaultKeyID=2 # 0|1|2|3 dot11ExcludeUnencrypted=true # true|false, in AP this means WEP is required. PRIV_GENERATOR=/sbin/nwepgen # nwepgen, Neesus compatible PRIV_KEY128=false # keylength to generate PRIV_GENSTR="" dot11WEPDefaultKey0= # format: xx:xx:xx:xx:xx or dot11WEPDefaultKey1= # xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx dot11WEPDefaultKey2=xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx dot11WEPDefaultKey3= # 01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d IS_ADHOC=n # y|n, y - adhoc, n - infrastructure AuthType="sharedkey" # opensystem | sharedkey (requires WEP) BCNINT=100 # Beacon interval (in Kus) CHANNEL=11 # DS channel for BSS (1-14, depends BASICRATES="2 4" # Rates for mgmt&ctl frames (in 500Kb/s) OPRATES="2 4 11 22" # Supported rates in BSS (in 500Kb/s) Now you seet the ip address for the usb-stick wireless # ifconfig wlan0 192.168.0.x if you have a net card # ifconfig eth0 down # route add default gw 192.168.0.1 dev wlan0 #ping www.tivedotonico.it PING www.tivedotonico.it (207.44.202.52) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from ns.tech-hosting.com (207.44.202.52): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=333 ms 64 bytes from ns.tech-hosting.com (207.44.202.52): icmp_seq=2 ttl=48 time=329 ms 64 bytes from ns.tech-hosting.com (207.44.202.52): icmp_seq=3 ttl=48 time=329 ms --- www.tivedotonico.it ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2024ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 329.188/330.773/333.736/2.148 ms If you want to test your wireless access point exists (between many) a tool called airsnort. http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/airsnort/airsnort-0.2.7e.tar.gz ( http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/airsnort/airsnort-0.2.7e.tar.gz) $ tar -zxvf airsnort-0.2.7e.tar.gz $ cd airsnort-0.2.7e $ ./configure $ make # make install $ airsnort & ( http://airsnort.shmoo.com/ for explanations more datailed. ) Enjoy yourself. 41c)VIDEO SURVEILLANCE WITH MOTION AND LINUX Thanks to: How use Free Software to realize a system of videosourveillance of Antonio Mori moore2@inwind.it Used Hardware: devices of video acquisition Pinnacle pctv (for other kinds of supported devices on linux see documentation on web-site http://bytesex.org) Videocamera with infrared with video-out (it's ok every telecamera also a digital camera with video-out, for web-cam usb see documentation on http://bytesex.org) Connect the telecamera to computer with wire video-out or if it's a web-cam usb connect the wire usb. Software Used. Operating System Linux (I'm using the distribution Mandriva), program to get moviments Motion (GPL) (http://motion.sourceforge.net). Verify the presence module (driver) for tv device on your distro from shell (command line) with: #modprobe bttv if you haven't errors the module is correctly installed otherwise, downloading from http://linux.bytesex.org and install it (follow the instructions inside the file install.txt). Download from web-site http://motion.sourceforge.net the program Motion the file .tar.gz Unzip the file with ark or from command line on shell: # gunzip filedownloaded.tar.gz # xvf filedownloaded.tar Enter in directory created from program and always from shell install it with: /configure && make && make install ATTENTION: the library libjpeg is necessary for installation of program. To launch the program Motion from command line: motion -n (the program works in way not-daemon on terminal) motion -s (for il set-up) for the help of digital program: motion -h The file of configuration motion.conf -Configuration Base Go inside directory /usr/local/etc rename the file: mv motion-dist.conf in motion.conf Open file motion.conf withe a text editor and modify the value from input=8 to input=2 if you have a telecamera with a device video-acquisition, with web-cam usb leave unchanged the value. This parameter (input=) determines the channel of incoming video that will be used from motion. Modify the parameter target_dir and put on required value the path of directory where you want save the images, the file .avi and the snapshot generated from Motion. -How works Motion: In this section we will use the browser Firefox (GPL) freely downloadable from website http://www.mozilla.org We'll launch the browser Firefox and we'll go on: http://localhost:8080 we'll watch a page containing the controls of program (pause, resume, play) and a file of configuration motion.conf with options (that now we don't touch). Open on browser Firefox another page and go on: http://localhost:8081 here we can see the images got from our camera, we click on refresh on browser Firefox and we'll see the streaming of images (try to move in front of the camera) Now the program is working :-)) -Advanced configuration of file motion.conf Use external commands Motion has the possibility to launch external programs that can be script of shell or script realized with python, perl or other programming languages. See how to do: I realize a little script of shell named “cancella”: write with a text editor like (vim, kate, emacs) this script: #! /bin/bash # this goes into directory where are saved the images cd /path/where/come/saved/the/images/got/from/motion # remove all images saved. rm *.jpg Save this script in /usr/bin and rename it with "cancella" after transform the script executable from command line with: chmod 775 cancella. Go in file /usr/local/etc/motion.conf and modify the parameter (exec external command when will be saved the images) on_event_start giving it how value the path where we have saved the file "cancella" hence /usr/bin/cancella Modify the value of gap from gap=60 to gap=30 Save the file motion.conf in /usr/local/etc Kill Motion from shell with #killall motion restart Motion typing: motion -c /usr/local/etc/motion.conf for some second you move in front of the camera so it can be detect a movement, stop moving in front of it at least for 30", later move again in front of camera. -What we have done? Describe of options gap and on_event_start of file motion.conf gap The value in this option represents the seconds that passes from the end of an event (movement obtained from camera) to next. on_event_start the value of this parameter shows the path where is the script (made from us) executable (shell, python, perl, etc...) that will be activated at start of every surveying of movement, considering that should pass at least 30 seconds (parameter gap) from the end of a surveying to start of next on_start_event. Naturally in file motion.conf are present, how you have seen in many other operation, I invite you hence, if you need of personalized configurations, to the good guide on web-site http://motion.sourceforge.net. Enjoy yourself !! 42c)ANTIVIRUS GNU We will use Clam Antivirus with license gpl, download the last version here: http://download.sourceforge.net/clamav/ Like user root unzip file clamav-X.tar.gz like that: tar zxvf clamav-X.tar.gz cd clamav-X It will be created the user clamav (however, without give a password) and we will install the antivirus: groupadd clamav useradd -g clamav -s /bin/false -c "Clam Antivirus" clamav ./configure make && make install We will create file of log clam-update.log: touch /var/log/clam-update.log chmod 600 /var/log/clam-update.log chown clamav /var/log/clam-update.log /etc/clamd/clamav.conf (This is the file of configuration). Enter and comment the written: # Comment or remove the line below. #Example Configure this file and also the file /etc/clamd.conf freshclam (updates the database into specified directory) freshclam -d -c 6 -l /var/log/clam-update.log (controls if there is a new database 6 times in a day, it's possible put this command in crontab if you want a computerized thing, remembering to not insert the option -d, because otherwise it would start like a daemon) clamscan -r / (control all subdirectories) To control a directory, write: clamscan --bell -i --remove --stdout -r /directory/ --bell utters an audio signal in case a virus is founded -i shows only infected files --remove delete infected files (Attention to use this program) --stdout shows controlled files -r controls the sub_directories In this directory you find 3 files with db virus: /usr/local/share/clamav or /var/lib/clamav/ You can download the updates from here: http://database.clamav.net/database/ You can update the antivirus like user clamav like that: -Write: freshclam Eventually ....... Modify the file /etc/freshclam.conf and insert like second string: DatabaseMirror db.it.clamav.net Graphic interface for clamav antivirus (klamav) under Kde: Go on web-site: http://klamav.sourceforge.net/ Unzip klamav-X.tar.bz2 like that: bunzip2 klamav-X.tar.bz2 tar xvf klamav-X.tar cd klamav-X ./configure make make install Now you have to launch klamav from Kde, go on update and download the updates of database antivirus. From Konqueror surfing between the directories of s.o. and clicking on it with the button dx of mouse appears the written “Scan with clamav”, hence it's possible to control a directory or files before to open it. It's possible to launch antivirus and put it in background, you will see the icon of clamav antivirus below on the right on bar. Have this antivirus gnu on Windows, click here: http://www.clamwin.net/ 43c)INSTALL INTERNET EXPLORER ON UBUNTU Thanks for this procedure to Gianni Giusti member of Lug Acros. I had install IE6 on Ubuntu to test the websites also with this browser. The procedure has been very easy and everybody can do it. Following 16 steps to exec: (we'll install IE6, MediaPlayer, Outlook Express 6) 1) Go on shell and write "sudo su", digit your password and now you are like root user. 2) digit cd /etc/apt 3) digit gedit source.list or launch you preferred editor 4) at the end of this file add: ## Wine deb http://wine.sourceforge.net/apt/ binary/ deb-src http://wine.sourceforge.net/apt/ source/ 5) Update the list of packets using the command apt-get, from synaptic or with another program 6) Now install the following packets: wine libwine winetools using the command apt-get apt-get, from synaptic or with another program 7) close the terminal of root (or write "su -username") Open again a terminal (like root user) and digit winetools 9) If appears a weird message, proceed straight. 10) Select base setup 11) Select Create a fake... and after OK. If appears removing existing... means that you already have an installation, configured, give OK to delete it. Give Ok on questions that are proposed (there is an automatic detection) 12) Done this, you proceed with all the points on list, selecting them one by one and giving ok on everyone (True Type Font, DCom98, Microsoft Foundation., Internet Explorer 6 Eng) 13) Done all that, return on main menu 14) Go on Install windows system software and install "windows installer" (at moment it doesn't need, but could need it in a future) 15) Return on main menu and install the font: "installMicrosoft true type font" (install them all after return to main menu) 16) The installation is finished, but if you have also Office and you want install it, it's the moment to proceed (install tested software). From there you can also install the player flash. Ok, now we have installed our software ... How do I launch them ?? winetools has thought also about this Wink ... under the directory /home/YOURUSERNAME/bin/ there are files to launch. example: in my case, if I write from terminal: /home/gianni/bin/ie6 I exec Internet Explorer 6 (obviously I made a link on menu, it's easy) Problems had. I haven't any specific problem, the unique three little have been: 1) When I've installed the flash player IE stopped itself, but restarted it, it is returned to work greatly with the plug-in perfectly installed. 2) The media player doesn't work the audio (maybe it's a problem of alsa?) 3) In a first trial the fonts didn't come downloaded (problem of link) Now it's working perfectly, IE doesn't crash, it stable and fast (the loading is much fast, considering that has to charge all libraries, thing that under Windows happens when Windows starts). 44c)WORDPRESS FOR DUMMIES Thanks to the author: $pooky Hunter's Nemus "http://linux.med.unifi.it/spooky/wordpress/" Requirements: A working computer with installed an Operating System such as Unix and a direct connection to Internet. If you use a router adsl you must be sure to have the forward on the door 80 toward the intern IP of pc that will guest the blog. Installation of software of support for WordPress (Will be considered the Operating Systems Arch Linux and FreeBSD) On Arch Linux # pacman -Syu # pacman -S apache php mysql Insert the daemons in row /etc/rc.conf so they will be launched at start. For the moment they can be launched by hand: # cd /etc/rc.d/ # ./httpd start # ./mysqld start On FreeBSD-6.2 # cd /usr/ports && make update # cd /www/apache22 && make install # cd /usr/ports/lang/php5 && make install # cd /usr/ports/lang/php5-extensions # make config -> you will have to specify to compile the support for MYSQL and MYSQLI # make install # cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql-server-50 && make install # cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql-client-50 && make install There si some bug on script of installation of mysql, so we will have to go on /var/db/ and write # chown mysql mysql # chmod u+w+r+x mysql # chmod u+w+r+x mysql/* # chmod u+w+r+x mysql/mysql/* Add at file /etc/rc.conf the following rows: apache22_enable=”YES” mysql_enable=”YES” Now we will try to start manually Apache and Mysql through the script located in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ If there are not other problems we can proceed at next step. Creation of database # mysql_install_db # mysqladmin -u root password your_password Now that the password for the root user has been chocen we can access at database # mysql -u root -p Enter password: “insert your password” Now we create a database named wordpress. mysql> CREATE DATABASE wordpress; mysql> quit; And we have finished. Installation of wordpress Download the last version from this address http://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz Copy it in the directory where Apache needs the pages of your user example: /home/utente/public_html/ # tar xzvdf latest.tar.gz Open with a text-editor the file wp-config-sample.php Search the rows: * define(’DB_NAME’, ‘wordpress’); // The name of the database substitute wordpress with name of your database (leave the apex) In my case I've chosen wordpress like name of my database. * define(’DB_USER’, ‘username’); // Your MySQL username and substitute the word username with user-name of your database (leave apex) In my case 'root' * define(’DB_PASSWORD’, ‘password’); // …and password substitute the password with that password with which of your database (leave apex) Open a browser and go to an address like this: http://vostro_dominio.it/[…]/wp-admin/install.php Follow the instructions, write username and password and the game is done. Now you can become crazy searching different plugins, trying all themes that you find in net 45c)KOMPOZER Kompozer is a program to modify .html pages under Archlinux (and other operating systems linux and not). By browser go to web site Archlinux, enter in AUR pages, search kompozer and download tarball kompozer.tar.gz, unzip with command: tar zxvf kompozer.tar.gz Enter in new directory kompozer (cd kompozer). Give command: makepkg PKGBUILD or makepkg --asroot PKGBUILD (if given like root user) The command will download and will create the packet to install like that: pacman -U kompozer-0.8b3-13-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz 46c)LINUX MALWARE DETECT Linux Malware Detect is a program to detect, clean and or remove files infected by malware. By browser go to web site Archlinux, enter in AUR pages, search maldet and download tarball maldet.tar.gz, unzip with command: tar zxvf maldet.tar.gz Enter in new directory maldet (cd maldet). Give command: makepkg PKGBUILD or makepkg --asroot PKGBUILD (if given like root user) The command will download and will create the packet to install like that: pacman -U maldet-1.4.2-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz maldet -u (To update maldet signature set) maldet -a -n /directory (control all directory and files and clean infected files) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++KERNEL+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1d)APPLY A PATCH ON KERNEL If you want apply a patch on kernel, copy the patch in /usr/src enter later in /usr/src/linux-kernel/ and write: bzip2 -dc ../nomefile.bz2 | patch -p1 or gzip -dc ../nomefile.gz | patch -p0 2d)COMPILE THE KERNEL IN DEBIAN This is valid for kernel 2.2 and kernel 2.4 Take the kernel and move it in /usr/src Unzip it with: tar zxvf kernel.tar.gz Enter and write: make mrproper make menuconfig (do the modify you prefer and save it) make-kpkg kernel_image (write this row) Exit from /usr/src/linux with (cd ..) and you'll fine a file of name kernel-image-version.deb now you have to write: dpkg -i kernel-image-version.deb Follow the istructions to create a floppy of rescue modified and to reinstall the lilo (that do all alone). Clearly if you have more distro and you want to be fussy in /etc/lilo.conf you will have to write instead of vmlinuz the name of file that you find in /boot/vmlinuzmodified (you can see the hour with ls -al). Save file lilo.conf and write again lilo. 3d)RECOMPILE THE KERNEL TO BURN WITH IDE DISKS Valid for kernel 2.2 and kernel 2.4 Go on /usr/src/linux make mrproper make xconfig o make menuconfig - Kernel 2.2 and Kernel 2.4 Enter in Block Device, disable IDE/ATAPI cdrom support and able SCSI Emulation Enter in SCSI Support and able Scsi support, Scsi cdrom support and disable the voice Lun Enter in Sound and able the voice Sound support save and write: -Kernel 2.6 Enter in Device Drivers, Ata/Atapi/MFM/RLL support and able: Include IDE/ATA-2 DISK support SCSI emulation support generic default IDE chipset support disable: Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support Enter in SCSI Device support and able: SCSI disk support SCSI CDROM support SCSI generic support Enter in Sound and able Sound card Support save and write: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install cp -f System.map /boot cd arch/i386/boot cp -f bzImage /boot Modify the file of configuration lilo.conf for lilo or menu.lst for grub. Reboot computer and one time returned in linux write: cdrecord -scanbus and see if 2 devices (cdrom and burner) are acknowledged. Now with kernel 2.6 the reader cd-dvd remains 0,0,0 while the burner has became: 1,0,0 and not more like before with kernel 2.4: 0,1,0 4d)HOW RECOMPILE THE KERNEL We are going to recompile the kernel 2.4.23 considering that my computer is composed from: processor Duron 900, net-device ne2000 and 3com 3c905, usb scanner, parallel printer, webcam usb, audio card Sound Blaster 128 PCI, device tv pci, burner and reader dvd ide that it will be acknowledged how scsi. I've recompiled the kernel without (almost) use modules, even though many of you are not agree with me. Unzip the kernel linux-2.4.23.tar.gz and enter into directory /usr/src/linux-2.4.23/ and write command: make mrproper make manuconfig -Code maturity.... with asterisk -Loadable module .... with asterisk -Processor Type..... put an asterisk on processor Duron 900 and don't consider other -General Setup.... put an asterisk Power Management Support, Advanced Power and User Real Mode. -Parallel Port Support.... put asterisk on first 3 options -Plug and Play.... put asterisk on 2 options -Block Device.... put asterisk only the floppy -Networking Option.... put asterisk the first option, the second empty and put asterisk from third option Netlink until IpBroadcast, if you can't put asterisk insert the M such as module. Select IpNetfilter (press Enter) that is iptables and put in all the M (except one where you hat to put the y). -ATA/IDE.... put asterisk on first option, go in IDE/ATA, deselect “Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support” and put asterisk “SCSI emulation support ISA-PNP EIDE support”. -SCSI support.... put asterisk SCSI CD-ROM support, SCSI generic support, deselecting Probe all LUNs. -Network Device Support.... Put M in front of Dummy, on Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) put asterisk on Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit), 3COM cards, a M in front of 3c590/3c900, put asterisk EISA, VLB, PCI and PCI NE2000 and clones. An M in front of a PLIP (parallel port) until CSLIP (where is possible, put an asterisk). -Character devices.... put asterisk on Support for console, from Parallel printer to Support for. On I2C put asterisk on first 2 options. -Multimedia devices put asterisk on "Video For Linux" and inside "Video For Linux" put asterisk on first, second, third, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth written. -File System.... Reiserfs support, Ext3, from DOS FAT to VFAT (Windows-98), from ISO 9660 CDROM to Transparent, /proc file, /dev/pts, Second extended, UDF file system and UDF write. -Console driver.... asteriscare solo VGA text console. -Sound.... oyt asterisk BT878 audio dma, Creative Ensoniq AudioPCI 97 (ES1371), TV card (bt848) mixer support. -USB support.... put asterisk Support for, Preliminary USB, EHCI HCD, UHCI Alternate, OHCI (Compaq, USB Scanner support, USB OV511 Camera support.) Go on Exit, and save on Yes. Recompile the kernel with: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install Copy the file System.map into directory /boot, go in /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/ and write: rdev -R bzImage l /dev/hda5 (partition where is installed Linux) copy bzImage of this directory into directory /boot First create a floppy/cd/usb stick of rescue. Reboot the computer. 5d)HOW RECOMPILE KERNEL 2.6 This has been done on Slackware 9.1 and Archlinux 0.7.2 Usually in last distro the program module-init-tools-0.9.14-i486-2.tgz is already installed by default, in case use pacman in Archlinux or other program of updating for many distro (how installpkg, yast, apt-get, etc...), in case download the file module-init-tools-0.9.14-i486-2.tgz and install it. If you want surf with modem adsl and ethernet card is fondamentale (at least in my case) put y or * in front of to own net-card and m or * in front of PPP. make menuconfig One time configured you kernel, save and write: make all && make modules_install && generate-modprobe.conf If you have problems or errors with the line above written, use also that written below: make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install cp -f System.map /boot cd arch/i386/boot cp -f bzImage /boot or if you use lilo give easily make install (make all itself). reboot the computer. -On reboot if you give: cdrecord -scanbus you will see a different thing: Ora with the kernel 2.6 the cd-dvd remains 0,0,0 while the burner has become: 1,0,0 and not more like before with the kernel 2.4.2: 0,1,0 -If from xterm or from console, write: ls -al /dev/cdrom You'll see a thing like: /dev/cdrom -> sr0 (in Slackware) /dev/cd/cdrom-sr0 (in ArchLinux) The cdrom hence becomes /dev/sr0 and the burner /dev/sr1 To mount a cd dates it will need write: mount /mnt/cdrom or mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom The burner with a cd dates inserted will mount itself: mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr1 /mnt/cdrom2 Obviously on Linux you can't mount an audio cd. -On contrary of version 2.2 and 2.4 in kernel 2.6 the first audio card of net is the eth1 and not the eth 0, while the second net card it the eth0 and not the eth1. Who has configured in kernel the cards like module you need to work on modprobe eth0 and after with insmod eth1. Who has configured, like in my case, the cards with y or with * you need to enter in file /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf (on slackware 9.1) and configure the file by hand, you need only to write a thing like this: # Config information for eth1: IPADDR[1]="192.168.1.1" NETMASK[1]="255.255.255.0" USE_DHCP[1]="" DHCP_HOSTNAME[1]="" # Config information for eth0: IPADDR[0]="" NETMASK[0]="" USE_DHCP[0]="" DHCP_HOSTNAME[0]="" In this case I've decided that the card of net eth1 becomes recognized inserting an ip address, while I've not assigned any address on eth0, at reboot of o.s. will become charged only the card of net with ip address. -Recompile the recent kernels 2.6.1X the scanner usb is has been always acknowledged launching the program xsane, but at start with Slackware I'vehad some problems with first kernel 2.6 and I've resolved like that: Download the program libusb (at moment vers. 0.1.8) from this website: http://libusb.sourceforge.net/ and installing it: tar zxvf libusb-0.1.8.tar.gz cd libusb-0.1.8 ./configure make make install Download the sources of Sane from website, or install it with on of many programs available with the distro (yast, apt-get, pacman) however in case: http://www.sane-project.org/ ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/ and download these programs (at moment those inserted are the last versions): ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/sane-backends-1.0.13/sane-backends-1.0.13.tar.gz ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/sane-frontends-1.0.11/sane-frontends-1.0.11.tar.gz ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/xsane/xsane-0.92.tar.gz Unzip sane-backends-1.0.13.tar.gz and write: ./configure --enable-libusb && make && make install Unzip sane-frontends-1.0.11.tar.gz and write: ./configure && make && make install Unzip xsane-0.92.tar.gz and write: ./configure && make && make install Now we configure the scanner: sane-find-scanner In my case it gives: found USB scanner (vendor=0x055f, product=0x0006) at libusb:001:004 Edit file /etc/sane.d/dll.conf and comment all the rows except the first "net" and that referred at label of your scanner (in my case mustek_usb). Edit file .conf referred at label of your scanner (in my case mustek_usb.conf), comment all the rows and add the following row: usb libusb:001:004 (this is the result of the command: sane-find-scanner). At the end write: xsane or scanimage -L +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++NETWORKING++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1e)MOUNT A MINI-LAN BETWEEN 2 COMPUTERS ONLY WITH TEXT COMMANDS AND NOT Write the following text inserting the LAN address: On first computer write: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up On second computer write: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 up (Remember that the netmask is equal for all) If you want insert more net addresses on the same netcard you need to write: ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 up Now ping one of the computers to see if you can reach the other net address: ping 192.168.1.x In text mode or inside xterm, to see the addresses of net, write: ifconfig To set the net on RedHat write (netcfg), while on Suse write (yast) and search the voice net. For the other distributions control the support on books or on the manuals of distributions. 2e)CONNECTING INTERNET BY SCRIPT WITHOUT KPPP (two procedures) A) First procedure # Doesn't work with tin.it How I can connect on internet without using kppp and similar ?? I've listened that it's possible using script, but what I've to do ?? In Linux we can use 2 programs: "chat" that send commands to modem "pppd", the daemon that establish the dialog second the ppp protocol with the server of ISP. The files where we will work are essentially 5: /etc/resolv.conf /etc/ppp/options /etc/ppp/pap-secrets start (create this file in / or where you want) stop (create this file in / or where you want) Well, we start: -/etc/resolv.conf Enter with vim or another editor in /etc/resolv.conf and write: search nome_provider (es. search libero.it) nameserver primary DNS (ex. nameserver 193.70.192.25) nameserver secondary DNS (ex. nameserver 193.70.152.25) -/etc/ppp/options Enter with vim or another editor in /etc/ppp/options and write: /dev/ttyS1 (if com2, in instead is a com3 use ttyS2 etc...) 115200 debug lock crtscts defaultroute mtu 552 mru 552 -/etc/ppp/pap-secrets Enter with vim or another editor in /etc/ppp/pap-secrets and write: usernameconnection * password * -start Create and enter with vim or another editor start and write: #!/bin/bash /usr/sbin/pppd connect '/usr/sbin/chat -v "" ATDT_telephone_number_to_compose CONNECT "" ' user your_username -d -detach & The last 3 rows above, starting from /usr must to be united in a only row. Close the file and give it the permissions with (chmod 777 start) -stop Create and enter with vim or another editor start and write: #!/bin/sh DEVICE=ppp0 kill cat /var/run/$DEVICE.pid echo "$DEVICE TERMINATO" Close the file and give it the permissions with (chmod 777 stop) To connect, write: ./start To disconnect write: ./stop B)Second procedure Create a file ex. start and write all in a row inside it (configure it second your requirements): pppd /dev/modem 115200 connect 'chat -f scriptfile' crtscts defaultroute lock login user nameuser deflate 15,15 modem & Close the file and open a new one called scriptfile: ABORT BUSY ABORT "NO CARRIER" ABORT "NO DIAL TONE" "" ATZ OK ATD123456789 CONNECT "" "name:" "usernametoconnect" "word:" "writethepassword" Now that you have saved the file, write chmod 777 to both files and happy surfing with ./start Both files have to be in the same directory, otherwise you say to the first file where it can find the second. 3e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH WVDIAL Install wvdial (you can find it in all distributions with extension .deb, .rpm and .tar.gz). Write like root user: wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf This will knowledge the modem and the other parameters, it will create later the file /etc/wvdial.conf Enter with vim in this file and sobstitute the username, the password and the number's telephone with those real: Configure the file /etc/resolv.conf with the dates of your provider: search name_provider (ex. search libero.it) nameserver primary DNS (es. nameserver 193.70.192.25) nameserver secondary DNS (es. nameserver 193.70.152.25) Now you write: wvdial & 4e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH KPPP It's very easy, launch kppp and set the parameters such as you are in Windows. You'll have to acknowledge the modem, remember that the com1corresponds to ttyS0, com2 to ttyS1, etc ... you insert, as well, the row to initialization that usually is (ATX3), at this point connect yourself. Is you use a modem (inside your computer) you will have to set the jump (for ex. on my ex modem Trust 33.6). That's all, enjoy yourself and happy connection on Internet. 5e)INTERNET - Wget wget -c -nH -E -k -p -r -l 0 -c continues the download interrupted -nH doesn't create the directory with the name of the website -nd --no-directories to put all in a alone directory -E rename in .html the pages (useful for example for webpages .php) -r recursive -l depth --level=depth how many levels of link to follow -k converts the link -p download all that you need to show correctly the page -H ables the spanning to other host when it payoffs a recursive download Now some examples of wget: wget -r -c l http://www.websitethatyouwant.com/ (download and resume websites). wget -r -c l ftp://ftp.websitethatyouwant.com/ (download and resume websites). - lynx can be used how browser but doesn't use images - netstat -vat shows the link and the opened ports during the connection 6e)TELNET AND FTP - Telnet We consider 2 computer: pc1 with ip address 192.168.0.1 pc2 with ip address 192.168.0.2 telnet 192.168.0.2 and insert username and the password. If you have inserted the username and the password correctly, you have logged on second computer. - Ftp To move files from 1 computer to 2 computer, write: ftp 192.168.0.2 and insert username and the password: If you have inserted the username and the password correctly, you have logged at second computer. mput /home/pc2/*.doc To move files with extension .doc from 1 computer to 2 computer mget /home/pc2/*.doc To get files with extension .doc from 2 computer to 1 computer Try also the commands put and get for a single file. Use the command "cd" to move yourself inside directory (cd .., cd nome-directory) Use the command "lcd" (local directory) to know in which directory you find in, from computer from which you are operating. 7e)SHARE INTERNET CONNECTION (LINUX-LINUX-CLIENT) I know that works with Redhat, Debian, Mandriva and Suse. Server linux 192.168.1.1 server client linux 192.168.1.2 linux client windows 192.168.1.3 windows A On kernel of server linux 192.168.1.1 able the following options: Code maturity level options: Prompt for development Lodable module support: Enable loadable module support, Kernel daemon support (non h indispensabile) Networking options: Network firewalls, tcp/ip networking, ip forwarding/gatewaying, ip firewalling, ip masquerading, ipautofw masquerading, icmpmasquerading, always defragment. Network device support: Dummy net driver support Ethernet 10 or 100 Mbit: select own net-card. On kernel of client Linux 192.168.1.2 able the following options: Code maturity level options: Prompt for development Lodable module support: Enable loadable module support, Kernel daemon support (it's not indispensable) Networking options: tcp/ip networking Network device support: Dummy net driver support Ethernet 10 or 100 Mbit: select own net-card. B Enter in /etc/hosts and write on server Linux: 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.1 server.local.net server Enter on /etc/hosts and write on client Linux: 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.2 linux.local.net linux Enter in /etc/hostname of server and write:: # server.local.net # linux.local.net On server linux write: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.0 On client linux write: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.0 On server Linux write: route add 192.168.1.0 dev eth0 On client linux write: route add 192.168.1.0 dev eth0 route add default gw 192.168.1.1 On Windows put the the address of net 192.168.1.3, the netmask 255.255.255.0, the dns got from provider and the gateway 192.168.1.1 (All that on Network Settings). On server Linux write (if it's not good ipfwadm, write ipfwadm-wrapper): ipfwadm-wrapper -F -p deny echo 1> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipforward (write it if you have error on the row above). or echo 1> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward (con kernel 2.6) ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0 modprobe ip_masq_ftp modprobe ip_masq_irc modprobe ip_masq_quake On client Linux write: Enter in /etc/resolv.conf search domain.isp (es. search libero.it) nameserver 193.70.192.25 (10 dns) nameserver 193.70.152.25 (20 dns) Now you should surf from clients Windows and from Linux. 8e)SHARE CONNECTION TO INTERNET (EASY WAY) Kernel 2.2x echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ipfwadm -F -p deny ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0 or echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ipfwadm_wrapper -F -p deny ipfwadm_wrapper -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0 Kernel 2.4x iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward On pc client: On computer client we active the default gateway: route add default gw 192.168.1.1 At the end in file /etc/resolv.conf we'll write: search name_domain_of_provider nameserver dns_primary_of_provider nameserver dns_secondary_of_provider Happy surfing. 9e)CONNECT 2 COMPUTERS BY PARALLEL WIRE ON LPT1 (PLIP) Get a wire for printers to connect 2 computers with Linux. Configure the kernel with the options of networking, tcpip and plip. Compile the kernel and reboot computer (check at start the appears a line with the written plip). If you don't try to see it, write: dmesg and check that appear plip0 or plip1. Go in file /etc/hosts of first and second computer and write: 192.168.1.1 computer1 192.168.1.2 computer2 On 1 computer write: ifconfig plip0 192.168.1.1 pointopoint 192.168.1.2 up route add -host 192.168.1.2 dev plip0 On computer 2 write: ifconfig plip0 192.168.1.2 pointopoint 192.168.1.1 up route add -host 192.168.1.1 dev plip0 Now you have only to ping from computer 1 the computer 2. 10e)START A X SESSION FROM REMOTE (from Linux to Linux) If we want connect in remote to a Linux computer (192.168.1.2) from a Linux computer (192.168.1.1), you have to write: X :1.0 -query 192.168.1.2 From computer Linux on which you connect is active the graphic session 1, if it was the 2 I should write: X :2.0 -query 192.168.1.2 11e)LAUNCH PROGRAMS FROM TELNET TO GRAPHIC SIDE Enter in telnet in a computer with the graphic already started, maybe you are the same use with which you are entered in X. One time inserted login and password, to start xterm for example, write: xterm -display :0 or also with this method: export DISPLAY=:0 xterm 12e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS FROM TELNET TO A GRAPHIC X & On server start the graphic with: X & Enter in telnet from client on server and write: export DISPLAY=:0 xterm & 13e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS ON CLIENT BUT THAT WORKS ON SERVER client=192.168.1.1 (es. computer where you found yourself) server=192.168.1.2 telnet 192.168.1.2 export DISPLAY=192.168.1.1:0 Open from client a window xterm and write: xhost +192.168.1.2 Now from window of telnet always opened, write for example: firefox (wait 5-10 seconds and firefox will open itself, but the program will work on server). 14e)IPCHAINS AND FIREWALL Little firewall with ipchains to use when you are connected on Internet, if exists a local network, adapt the ip address below: ipchains -A input -s 192.168.0.1 -d 0/0 -j ACCEPT ipchains -A input -s 0/0 -d 0/0 -i 1o -j ACCEPT ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 0:1023 -y -j REJECT ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -y -j REJECT ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 0:1023 -j REJECT ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -j REJECT ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 6000:6009 -y -j REJECT ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 7100 -y -j REJECT 15e)ADSL WITH MODEM ETHERNET ON LINUX First, some considerations: 1)I have 3 telephones at home, the Telecom gave me 2 filters adsl, the thing to do is that to pull out a telephone from outlet on which you cant put a filter, or buy a new filter. Why I'm telling you this ?? Because I made 35 calls at 187 and nobody during these told me anything about this, just, I've discovered it, I've seen the adsl fix signal on modem. If it works, wait almost 1 minute from turn-on the the modem, it will become fix, if it light again you'll have to control the filters and relatives telephone wires, or otherwise call 187 to see if they have configured it like usb. After this, I'll say how compile a kernel starting from zero, if you use a kernel already recompiled of distro used, you should already surf with adsl. Who want to be a jeek, you will have to do this. Install the packet rp-pppoe present in your distro or download it from Internet. Download a kernel (I've done a try on 2.4.20), download it and write: make mrproper make menuconfig The fundamental thing is create a modular kernel "M" (unfortunately without these, I am not successful to make to go the adsl, if someone made it, contact me). To understand us, use the "M" where possible, otherwise use the Y. Under Loadable Modulo insert * or y in case of (make xmenuconfig), under Networking options put a M on Packet socket, under Network device support put a M on PPP (point-to-point protocol) and to all the others PPP put a M (otherwise a Y where is possible). On PPP over Ethernet put a M. In the other side of kernel you should select what you are interested in to acknowledge itself from linux (everybody has a different computer with different hardware). At the end exit, save and write: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install cp -f System.map /boot cd arch/i386/boot rdev -R bzImage l /dev/hdxx (depends where you have the Linux partitions) cp -f bzImage /boot Configure /etc/lilo.conf because at start is considered bzImage instead that vmlinuz. Write: lilo Reboot compute and enjoy surfing. 16e)MAPPING OF ACCESS POINTS Thanks to startx. Prepare your equipping: Gps satellite receiver bluetooth Usb receiver bluetooth Wireless card (optional external antenna http://www.trevormarshall.com ) Notebook with your preferred Linux distribution Install correct software: - bluez-utils e bluez-libs bluez-hcidump http://bluez.sourceforge.net/ gpsd http://freshmeat.net/projects/gpsd/ gpsdrive http://www.gpsdrive.cc/gpsdrive-2.10pre2.tar.gz mysql e libmysqlclient.so.10 ( not the 12 or the 12 > but the 10) kismet http://www.kismetwireless.net/ - ipw2100 http://ipw2100.sourceforge.net/firmware.php?fid=4 ? http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/ipw2100/ipw2100-1.2.1.tgz?download *If you have an Intel PRO wireless of this type, otherwise driver and firmware of your card (ahead you will find the configurations of kismet.conf for using with other cards of test) Dependences Kismet: http://www.kismetwireless.net/documentation.shtml Imagemagick (5.4.7+): http://www.imagemagick.org/ Expat (1.95+): http://expat.sourceforge.net/ GMP: http://www.swox.com/gmp/ Ethereal (any): http://www.ethereal.com Dependence Gpsdrive: http://www.gpsdrive.cc/readme.shtml GTK-+2.x (better >=2.2.x) pango atk pcre xdevel (X11 development) gettext libcrypt glibc compiler gcc >=3.x ( if compiler si not known, use EXPORT CC=gcc-4.0 ) make For vocal support both kismet and gpsdriver are installed festival or flite or both. It's better doesn't use Festival as service, but launch it by hand if we want give voice to gpsdrive (starting it with option festival -e) or at kismet (not starting it). After different tries with voice /sound/mut these are the settings of kismet.conf that I'm using: Able the sound, deleting the wav for the junk traffic that is boring, disabling the "speech festival", this because also if we modify the string of speech, the output results slow, saw that a lot of ap that coming detected in a auto session. sound=true # Path to sound player soundplay=/usr/bin/play # Optional parameters to pass to the player soundopts=--volume=.3 # New network found sound_new=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/new_network.wav # Wepped new network sound_new_wep=${prefix}/com/kismet/wav/new_wep_network.wav # Network traffic sound sound_traffic=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/traffic.wav # Network junk traffic found #sound_junktraffic=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/junk_traffic.wav # GPS lock aquired sound # sound_gpslock=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/foo.wav # GPS lock lost sound # sound_gpslost=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/bar.wav # Alert sound sound_alert=/usr/local/share/kismet/wav/alert.wav # Does the server have speech? (Again, not to be confused with the GUI's speech) speech=false # Server's path to Festival festival=/usr/bin/festival # Are we using festival lite? If so, set the above "festival" path to also # point to the "flite" binary flite=false # How do we speak? Valid options: # speech Normal speech # nato NATO spellings (alpha, bravo, charlie) # spell Spell the letters out (aye, bee, sea) speech_type=speech speech_encrypted=Detected %s, Fuck is encrypted. speech_unencrypted=Detected %s, Dork is open. Other wireless care used for the test: http://b.domaindlx.com/startx/set.jpg Kismet source config: source=ipw2100,eth1,ipw2100 #Intel PRO wireless #source=rt8180,wlan0,RTL #Netgear WG111.v2 #source=orinoco,eth2,orinoco #LucenT #source=atmel_usb,wlan0,wlan0 # atmel chipset #source=rt2500,ra0,rt2500 # DWL-G630 #source=rt2500,rausb0,rt2500 # Asus wl-167g Configure mysql adding the database geoinfo of gpsdrive: mysqld_safe & mysql_secure_installation cd /usr/local/share/gpsdrive/ mysql -u root -p open " to obtain a screen type this.. http://b.domaindlx.com/startx/google-ap's.jpg 17e)LINUX DEBIAN FIRST STEPS WITH THE NET Useful command: find / -name hosts.allow - print # it searchs from root hosts.allow and prints the path After the installation, to charge manually a module not detected. Ex. the net card ethernet 3c509b # modprobe 3c509 Assign an ip address at cards: # ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.200 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 Make actives at every boot the configurations. Inside file /etc/modules insert the row with the name of module [3c509] /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time. # This file should contain the names of kernel modules that are # to be loaded at boot time, one per line. Comments begin with # a , and everything on the line after them are ignored. cs4281 3c59x # la nostra 3com Inside the file /etc/network/interfaces insert the row ifconfig. Example: /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8) # The loopback interface automatically added when upgrading auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The first NIC # automatically added when upgrading auto eth0 # The first net card ethernet iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.100 # IP Address netmask 255.255.255.0 # C Class gateway 192.168.0.1 # Default gateway For a remote connection by TELNET Installation of daemon telnet in.telnetd has to be installed the server "telnetd" contained in telnetd-ssl to install with apt (debian2.2): debian:/etc# apt-cache search in.telnetd telnetd-ssl - The telnet server with SSL encryption support. telnetd - The telnet server. debian:/etc# apt-get install telnetd-ssl ecc... The file that start the daemon telnet is in.telnetd, its name must be specified with the path inside the file /etc/inetd.conf. (If I don't know where is founded: debian:/etc# find / -name in.telnetd -print /usr/sbin/in.telnetd) contained of inetd.conf telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.telnetd Is needed after say which HOSTS have right at connection: Contained of hosts.allow #-- leafnode begin leafnode: 127.0.0.1 ALL: LOCAL linuxbox: 192.168.0.1 atlon: 192.168.0.16 #-- leafnode end .and which excluded the previous that haven't: Contained of hosts.deny ALL: PARANOID #-- leafnode begin leafnode: ALL #-- leafnode end INETD has to be restarted. To access at remote system like ROOT it need to modify the file securetty: # Securetty di DEBIAN Woody (or Potato) # /etc/securetty: list of terminals on which root is allowed to login. # See securetty(5) and login(1). console # Standard consoles tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 tty5 tty6 tty7 tty8 tty9 tty10 tty11 tty12 # Ethernet console pts/0 pts/1 # Same as above, but these only occur with devfs devices vc/1 vc/2 vc/3 vc/4 vc/5 vc/6 vc/7 vc/8 vc/9 vc/10 vc/11 vc/12 ~ securetty: unmodified: line 1 18e)SHARE PRINTER ON LINUX SUCH AS PRINTSERVER SAMBA CUPS -We configure Cups. Install the program cups, the last version on Slackware is cups-1.1.20-i486-1jim.tgz Install it like that: installpkg cups-1.1.20-i486-1jim.tgz and later you need to start it from menu of pkgtool --> Setup -->services (press the bar) and after select always with the bar rc.cups. Edit the file /etc/cups/cupsd.conf and at the end of file we should find a voice equal at this: #The default value is "IfRequested". Order Deny,Allow Deny From All Allow From 127.0.0.1 we are going to add: Allow From 192.168.0.* #that is the ip address of our net Allow From localhost #maybe it forgets who is localhost now we go more below and we find: #Restrict access to local domain Order Deny,Allow Deny From All Allow From 127.0.0.1 We are going to add: Allow From 192.168.0.* #that is the ip address our net. Allow From localhost #maybe it forgets who is localhost Well, now from our client we can configure the printer that we have connected at Server, we point at it with our browser http://ipaddressofserver:631 , if you don't find our printer go on http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/OpenPrinting and search the driver correct, make a print and the part CUPS is ready. -Configure Samba. Here we are, we are in a side more difficult of system SAMBA, sure it's easy but to find at "4" rows here below, I can sure you that I had to sweat a lot because the documentations online are always almost not complete (I hope not intentionally, hehehehe) however I report below my extract of samba.conf with the voices that concern the side of CUPS. It's fast and easy, for you that read but it has not been for me ! [global] printcap = cups load printers = yes printing = cups [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba browseable = no public = yes guest ok = yes writable = no printable = yes printer admin = root [Printer] path=/var/spool/cups printer admin = root, guest, nobody public = yes guest ok = yes printable = yes IMPORTANT!!! the voice [Printer] must to be the same name that you have given at Printer using the CUPS configuration. Obviously Samba has to start itself like a daemon, hence write: pkgtool -->Setup --> services (press the bar) and after always with the bar select rc.samba. To start Samba write: smbd stop smbd start -SOME SETTINGS BECAUSE ALL WORKS WELL Don't stop yourself, it's finished, however after the start or the restart of cups, configure the directory "/var/spool/cups" with permissions only for "root" therefore the clients wont try to print, hence it will need permit the write and read of directory for all, I've not gone to search the parameter of cups that do that (at least for now) but I've created a little scripts that launches itself after having started cups in this way: #!/bin/sh cd / chmod 777 /var/spool/cups cd /etc/init.d /samba restart cd / I've positioned this script that launch itself after cups and samba, therefore in base at your distribution: rc.local, rcS.d, etc. put it somewhere (usually copy it at the end of file). To pull out some doubt, with this configuration it's not necessary have an account of user on server Linux. -CONFIGURE THE WINDOWS CLIENT Install a new printer, search on net, install the suitable driver and print, good job. Thanks to Valter Perregrini lospamnoncepiu@spamstop.com 19e)NFS SHARING TO EXCHANGE FILES IN A LAN WITH LINUX COMPUTERS Thanks to Yawningman. You have to be sure that the net cards of computers are working. "dmesg | grep eth0" (eth0,1...depends how we have configure the net-card.) Hence, ping the remote computer with which we share files nfs We consider for example 2 computers. 192.168.1.1 name host:first 192.168.1.2 name host:second we consider for example that the directory we want share is on "first", and it is called "shared" directly under / , we have to be sure that the directory have the permissions of read and write toward all: chmod o+rwx /shared one time done it, edit the file "/etc/exports" adding the following row : "/share second(rw,insecure,sync,no_subtree_check,insecure_locks,no_root_squash) With this row at start I define the local path of directory that I wand share, after I put the name of remote host, instead in row between parenthesis,I accept the connections in write and read, I accept the connections from port 1024 and advanced, I synchronize the operations in write on required, I disable the verify of subdirectories, the access at files without request of lock, at the end I consider remote root like local root ..... naturally you can personalize all of this. With this row is assumed that the remote computer is 'reliable' in terms of security. I save all settings and I reboot the services nfs and portmap if they were already active, in contrary case I start them: "service nfs start" "service portmap start" Both services, in order that the service can works correctly, they have to be able at start of computer, hence I'll sure myself that both start at reboot of computer: chkconfig --level 35 nfs on chkconfig --level 35 portmap on at this point I'll be sure that the commands are gone well with: chkconfig --list nfs chkconfig --list portmap on level 3 (text authentication text) and 5 (graphic authentication) should appear 'on' now we can pass to configure the second computer.... (192.168.1.2 second) You have to be sure that the services nfs, and portmap are active, in case contrary repeat the operations like before. Create a directory of mount for the sharing, we suppose that the directory is "mydirectory" directly under / , make the 'remote' mount. mount 192.168.1.1:/shared /mydirectory naturally if I've edit the file /etc/hosts with: 192.168.1.1. first (and after having done an easy try "pint first" with positive answer, I can substitute the ip with the name of host) at this point, I'll have the shared directory, much useful for a common section, or if I wanted take on loan, cause hard-disk full, a piece of another computer more capacious .... "the lunch is ready". It misses only a particular, if we want that at start of computer is already all ready without make the mount, well, we'll edit fstat: vi /etc/fstab and I'll add the following string: 192.168.1.1:/shared /mydirectory nfs exec,dev,suid,rw 0 0 20e)DISCOVER THE INTRUDERS How to see the sockets opened on o.s. with relatives users and processes that have opened them: netstat -ltupe netstat -ltupec (in real time) 21e)SAFETY FROM ROOTKITS BACKDOORS AND LOCAL EXPLOITS We can use two tools, both are ok. -rkhunter Download the file rkhunter-1.2.7.tar.gz from this website: http://www.rootkit.nl/projects/rootkit_hunter.html Unzip it: tar zxvf rkhunter-1.2.7.tar.gz cd rkhunter Install it: /installer.sh cd /usr/local/bin Give it the permission to be executed: chmod +x rkhunter Download the update: /rkhunter --update Active the scansion like that: /rkhunter -c -chrootkit From distro Archlinux download and install the tool with pacman: pacman -S chrootkitargets: chkrootkit-0.45-1 Total Package Size: 0.2 MB Proceed with upgrade? [Y/n] Y :: Retrieving packages from extra... chkrootkit-0.45-1 [################] 100% 220K 86.3K/s 00:00:02 checking package integrity... done. loading package data... done. checking for file conflicts... done. installing chkrootkit... done. Check out the /opt/chkrootkit directory, run chkrootkit as root this way: # ./chkrootkit [root@myhost Temp]# cd /opt/chkrootkit/ /chkrootkit For the other distro like Debian for example, use apt-get or download from here the source: http://www.chkrootkit.org/download/ 22e)WIRELESS CARD ON A LAPTOP WITH ARCHLINUX The internal wireless card is a Pro Intel 2200BG, the side under written regards the distro Archlinux both con recompiled kernel (2.6.15.2) and not recompiled, and hence with kernel that is already present on Archlinux. Using a recompiled kernel, at moment of configuration of this NOT select any wireless devices: We will need of 3 files: Ieee80211 http://ieee80211.sourceforge.net/ Ipw2200 http://ipw2200.sourceforge.net/ firmware v3.0 http://ipw2200.sourceforge.net/firmware.php - With kernel NOT recompiled and hence using that of default: Unzip: ieee80211-1.1.14.tgz tar zxvf ieee80211-1.1.14.tgz remove-old (insert also the dot, if there are questions, answer with y) make (if there are questions, answer with y) make install If the procedure fails, repeat it. Unzip: ipw2200-1.1.3.tgz tar zxvf ipw2200-1.1.3.tgz remove-old (insert also the dot, if there are questions, answer with y) make (if there are questions, answer with y) make install If the procedure fails, repeat it. At the end unzip ipw2200-firmware-3.0.tgz and copy 4 files presents in /lib/firmware (if doesn't exist, create the directory from root user): tar zxvf ipw2200-firmware-3.0.tgz depmod -a modprobe ipw2200 iwconfig At this point you should find the card wireless eth2 or wlan0, or another new device. Under Archlinux go in /etc/ and edit the file rc.conf If you have more connections on router wireless assign a dhcp at net-card or assign it an ip address fix. eth2="dhcp" INTERFACES=(lo eth2) ROUTES=(!gateway) (If the card will have an ip address fix, delete the exclamation point "!") - With recompiled kernel: Inside the kernel don't select any device wireless under network and unzip: ieee80211-1.1.14.tgz tar zxvf ieee80211-1.1.14.tgz remove-old (insert also the dot, if there are questions, answer with y) make (if there are questions, answer with y) make install If the procedure fails, repeat it. Unzip: tar zxvf ipw2200-1.1.3.tgz remove-old (insert also the dot, if there are questions, answer with y) make (if there are questions, answer with y) make install If the procedure fails repeat it. At the end unzip ipw2200-firmware-3.0.tgz and copy 4 files present in /lib/firmware (if doesn't exist, create the directory from root user): tar zxvf ipw2200-fw-3.0.tgz depmod -a modprobe ipw2200 iwconfig If the wireless card founded will be eth2 we have almost finished. Under Archlinux in /etc/rc.conf, choice if the card will have to obtain an ip address automatically in dhcp, or if you must specify it. In my case /etc/rc.conf is configure like that: eth2="dhcp" INTERFACES=(lo eth2) ROUTES=(!gateway) (If the card will have an ip address, delete the exclamation point "!") In the other distributions linux the manage of files for network is different, hence you control well. First ov all if you don't want that the dns changes in /etc/conf.d/dhcpcd at every reboot, insert the parameter (-R): DHCPCD_ARGS="-R -t 30 -h $HOSTNAME" And now we can surf on internet with wireless. We can see how to do it manually and also with the graphic program KiFiManager. - Manually: iwlist eth2 scanning (It will find for example 2 server wireless, where only the second is crypted, hence, to connect we will need of the password) Cell 02 - Address: 00:14:BF:00:10:04 ESSID:"dsaw" Protocol:IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Master Channel:1 Encryption key:on Bit Rates:54 Mb/s Extra: Rates (Mb/s): 1 2 5.5 6 9 11 12 18 24 36 48 54 Quality:37 Signal level:0 Noise level:0 Extra: Last beacon: 500ms ago Cell 03 - Address: 00:13:10:0C:D7:4A ESSID:"linksys" Protocol:IEEE 802.11b Mode:Master Channel:6 Encryption key:off Bit Rates:11 Mb/s Extra: Rates (Mb/s): 1 2 5.5 11 Quality:37 Signal level:0 Noise level:0 Extra: Last beacon: 168ms ago iwlist eth2 frequency (It find the frequency of 6 channels) eth2 11 channels in total; available frequencies : Channel 01 : 2.412 GHz Channel 02 : 2.417 GHz Channel 03 : 2.422 GHz Channel 04 : 2.427 GHz Channel 05 : 2.432 GHz Channel 06 : 2.437 GHz Channel 07 : 2.442 GHz Channel 08 : 2.447 GHz Channel 09 : 2.452 GHz Channel 10 : 2.457 GHz Channel 11 : 2.462 GHz Current Channel=1 Connect to server of network called linksys that is not crypted (not always is necessary to know the frequency, the mode and the channel): iwconfig eth2 essid linksys channel 6 mode auto freq 2.437G ap 00:13:10:0C:D7:4A cd /etc/rc.d && ./network restart (on Archlinux restart the net, in other distro we'll do differently. If we have error or if the card doesn't acquires the ip address in dhcp, it means that there is not signal in that moment or that you have inserted a wrong parameter). ifconfig eth2 (write an ifconfig to see if the card eth2 has an ip address, otherwise write again the command above) Connect to server called dsaw that is crypted with password type WEP (I've inserted 2 strings for example, it's ok use both). iwconfig eth2 essid dsaw key restricted 5693FFC5FF or iwconfig eth2 mode auto essid dsaw freq 2.412G channel 1 key restricted 5693FFC5FF ap 00:14:BF:00:10:04 cd /etc/rc.d && ./network restart (on Archlinux restart the network,in other distro is different. If you have an error or the card doesn't acquires the ip address in dhcp, it means that there is not signal in that moment or that you have inserted a wrong parameter). ifconfig eth2 (write an ifconfig to see if the card eth2 has an ip address, otherwise write again the command above) - Wireless with Password WPA Install wicd, dhclient and wpa_supplicant pacman -Sy wicd pacman -S dhclient wpa_supplicant Modify the file wpa_supplicant.conf cd /etc vi wpa_supplicant.conf ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant ctrl_interface_group=0 eapol_version=1 ap_scan=1 fast_reauth=1 network={ ssid="Panther" scan_ssid=0 proto=WPA key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=TKIP group=TKIP psk="your_password" } iwlist eth2 scanning wpa_passphrase Panther dreamdream (to cript password) netcfg --stop eth2 (stop wireless interface eth2) iwconfig eth2 mode managed essid Panther channel 6 ifconfig eth2 up wpa_supplicant -D wext -i eth2 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -ddd /etc/rc.d/network restart If you want that after the reboot of your laptop will be automatically all configured, insert how follows in file /etc/rc.local: depmod -a modprobe ipw2200 modprobe ieee80211_crypt modprobe ieee80211 netcfg --stop eth2 iwconfig eth2 mode managed essid Panther channel 6 ifconfig eth2 up wpa_supplicant -D wext -i eth2 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -d & - Graphically with KiFiManager: Under Kde opern KiFiManager, when will become founded 1 or more connections, proceed with the restart of network inside of your Linux box, under Archlinux you need to go under /etc/rc.d/ and restart the network service ./network restart (if the service is busy, it means that in that precise moment the signal is absent), hence retry. Click on button "Search Dates", it will appear a windows with the connections wifi founded (Write yourself the name of connections, under the voice "Name of network"). Click on button "Close", go on "Settings" and after on "Editor of configuration" Under Configuration1 there will be for example these configurations: Name of network: Wifi1 X Interface, automatically detected Fast: automatic Use the cryptography: If you have one of them, write the password required X: Charge the configuration pre-selected at start Configuration to charge: Configuration 1 If you have 3 lines wifi founded, choice 3 near at voice: Number configurations Hence to surf with one of inserted configurations, you need to press the key ACTIVE under everyone of Configurations pre-configured. Just clicked, exit from this window and under the voice "Connected at network" will appear the name of the net previously chosen. To active it and have an ip address from the server dhcp wifi, on Archlinux restart the net like above written (cd /etc/rc.d/ && ./network restart), in other distro you see how to do. 23e)MAIL SERVER WITH POSTFIX AND TPOP3D ON ARCHLINUX We will go to install a Mail server on a private network on Archlinux, without access on Internet. This will be only an installation and base configuration of a mail-server, there are not many kinds of control, because we will send and receive email inside our private lan. Hence, this example is applicable inside of an office or of a company. INSTALLATION OF POSTFIX pacman -S postfix useradd postfix You find hostname inside the file /etc/rc.conf or opening an xterm or pressing ctrl-alt-F1, in my case I've written: myhost Dando cat /etc/hosts # 127.0.0.1 myhost.mia.net myhost Enter in file /etc/postfix/main.cf and set these parameters: queue_directory = /var/spool/postfixy command_directory = /usr/sbin daemon_directory = /usr/lib/postfix mail_owner = postfix myhostname = myhost mydomain = mia.net myorigin = $mydomain mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550 mynetworks = 10.0.0.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8 (insert your lan) alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases alias_database = $alias_maps home_mailbox = Mailbox (the Mailbox of users) mail_spool_directory = /var/mail In case of manual installation will need also these commands: groupadd -g 33333 postfix groupadd -g 33335 maildrop groupadd postdrop useradd -u 33333 -g 33333 -d /dev/null -s /bin/false postfix useradd -u 33335 -g 33335 -d /dev/null -s /bin/false maildrop INSTALLATION OF TPOP3D pacman -S tpop3d Enter in /etc/conf.d/tpop3d and configure the row inside it, we will have say to it where is located the file tpop3d.conf (in case of Archlinux in directory /etc ) TPOP3D_ARGS="-f /etc/tpop3d.conf -p /var/run/tpop3d.pid" Configure file tpop3d.conf saying where to go to insert the email, we will say to it where rescue them in: mailbox: bsd: /home/$user/Mailbox START THE SERVICES cd /etc/rc.d/ /tpop3d start /postfix start or postfix start (in case of manual installation of postfix) CREATE AN USER TEST Create a user text called pc2 adduser (press always the key Enter and at the end insert a password) CONFIGURE THE MAIL CLIENT (THUNDERBIRD) Open a mail's program (for example Thunderbird) and configure it like that: Account Name: pc2 (name of user created) Your Name: pc2 Eamil Address: pc2@mia.net Accounting Server (SMTP) choice pc2 10.0.0.1 (Default) Server Name:10.0.0.1 port 110(insert the ip address where is located the mail server) User Name: pc2 Outgoing Server (SMTP) Server Name: 10.0.0.1 (insert the ip address where is located the mail server) Port 25 User Name: pc2 Now doesn't remain that test all this and write itself an email at this address: pc2@mia.net Wanting add a true user "rossi_mario" we will write an example: adduser (and after rossi_mario), after press always the key ENTER The email of Rossi Mario will be: rossi_mario@mia.net 24e)WEBSITE WIKI WITH PMWIKI Build a website wiki with http://pmwiki.org only with (855 kb unzipped) All of this has been tried under Archlinux Install Php and Apache and download pmwiki from website, that under Archlinux you should do like that: pacman -S php pacman -S apache Unzip pmwiki-latest.zip where you want and move the files of the directory pmwiki-2.1.11 inside the directory /home/http/html/ APACHE: cd /etc/httpd/conf/ Edit httpd.conf Able the following row: LoadModule php5_module modules/libphp5.so Say to Apache which is the directory of reference "DocumentRoot ": DocumentRoot "/home/httpd/html" Substitute the voice "None" with "All" Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All mkdir /home/httpd/html/wiki.d chmod 777 /home/httpd/html/wiki.d cd docs/ cp sample-config.php ../local/config.php Start Apache with the command "apachectl start" (If you have the error "httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get()" modify the file hosts inserting the hostname of your o.s. linux.) vi /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 myhost.localdomain myhost Open the browser and write (myhost) and click on pmwiki.php To update the Italian language or make available other languages, download i18n.zip, unzip it and enter in directory wikilib.d/ selecting PmWikilt* and moving them in: /home/httpd/html/wikilib.d/ To modify all the pages with only a password: $DefaultPasswords['edit'] = crypt('password that you choose'); To modify the logo above on left: $PageLogoUrl = "$PubDirUrl/skins/pmwiki/manualinux.jpg"; To modify the name of primary webpage: $WikiTitle = 'PmWiki'; If you don't want that appear one or all the written View, Edit, History, Print, you need only to modify this file: Site.PageActions If you don't want that appear the written above "Recent Changes, Search" and below " Edit - History - Print - Recent Changes - Search" you need to modify the file pmwiki.tmpl inside skin/pmwiki 25e)IPTABLES On iptables exist 3 tables: Filter, Nat, Mangle. The table Filter is that of default and accepts the rules (INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD) INPUT "Contains" the rules for the traffic directed to server FORWARD "Contains" the rules for the traffic sent to 1 ip behind this server (for example if this computer is used like a firewall for others server) OUTPUT "Take" the rules for the traffic that is arriving from this server out on Internet The nat necessary for natting and masquerading accepts: (PREROUTING, POSTROUTING, OUTPUT). When the traffic passes through the kernel, this determines a target based on packet matched to a rule. In general the targets are: ACCEPT The traffic is accepted for the delivering REJECT The traffic is denied, it sends a packet back to host-sender DROP The traffic is deleted. It's not sent any to host-sender. It's important see that the order in which the rules are written is fundamental. For example, if you first rule denies everything .... then it's doesn't important what you permit specifically , because it will be denied. -A => Says to iptables to append this rule to chain of INPUT -s => Source Address. This rule belongs only at traffic inbound from this ip. Substitute the ip address with which you are using the ssh. -d => Destination Address. This rule permits only the traffic that goes to this IP. Substitute the IP of this server. -p => Protocol. Specifies the traffic with the TCP. -icmp => (ping packet) -tcp => (packet example... telnet, ftp etc) -udp => (other type of packet) --dport => Port of destination. Specifies the traffic that is of the port 22 TCP (SSH) -j => Jump.Type of work to carry out, if everything in these rules is matched, then 'jump' will be in ACCEPT -! => (not) suggest all that is not referred at parameter that we are passing. -i => (interface) eth0, eth1 "net cards" , ppp0 "Internet interface" -D => (delete one or more rules) -F => (delete all rules) -L => (list all rules or that of indicated chain) -N => (create a new chain) You have to notice that any of what are you doing, will be saved on disk until you don't exec 'iptables-save'. All the rules are only in memory. One time that the server is rebooted, or you exec 'iptables-flush', or every thing on which you have worked, it will disappear. It's better then write the rules on a text file. To show the type of services that are present in /etc/services, write: cat /etc/services To able the masquerading you need to write: echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward How save own configuration of iptables ? Easy, write you firewall, for example in file /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall save it, give it the correct permissions and start it: cd /etc/rc.d && ./rc.firewall If you must do the modifies on the fly and you don't want loose them, you need to save them like that: iptables-save > /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall If one time rebooted the computer, you want exec the configuration iptables previously saved it, you need to write: iptables-restore < /etc/rc.d/firewall Or if you want charge at every reboot the configuration iptables, you need to write at the end of file /etc/rc.d/rc.local: cd /etc/rc.d && ./rc.firewall Or more easily to save or restore the rules: iptables-save > /root/iptables-save.out Restore the rules: iptables-restore -c /root/iptables-save.out The 3 ways of handshake between 3 hosts when they transmit dates between them are: * NEW => The Server 1 connect itself to Server 2 publishing a packet SYN (Synchronize). * RELATED => The Server 2 receives the packet SYN, and after answers with a packet SYN-ACK (Synchronize Acknowledgment). * ESTABLISHED => The Server 1 receives the packet SYN-ACK and after answers with the final packet ACK (Acknowledgment). After that these 3 ways of handshake are completed, the traffic is now ESTABLISHED. In order for this type of communication TCP, are necessaries these 3 rules: # iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT Give this command to show the list of rules of new chain: iptables --list This is the general scheme to follow to set a rule. iptables (enter, exit, for) (from or for) (address) (packet type) (accept, deny) And now we enter in live with some of examples: ----------------------------WHAT DISCARD:------------------------------------ BAD GUYS (Block the ip addresses not wished) # iptables -A INPUT -s 172.34.5.8 -j DROP NO SPAMMERS (note the use of FQDN) # iptables -A INPUT -s mail.spammer.org -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 25 -j REJECT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------WHAT ACCEPT:---------------------------------- MYSQL (Permits the remote access to a particular IP): # iptables -A INPUT -s 172.50.3.45 -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT SSH: # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT Sendmail/Postfix: # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT FTP: (Note how you can specify a range of ports 20-21) # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 20:21 -j ACCEPT Passive FTP Ports Maybe: (Newly, specify the ports 50000 through 50050 in a rule) # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 50000:50050 -j ACCEPT HTTP/Apache # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT SSL/Apache # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT IMAP # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT IMAPS # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 993 -j ACCEPT POP3 # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT POP3S # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p tcp --dport 995 -j ACCEPT Every traffic from localhost: # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -s 127.0.0.1 -j ACCEPT ICMP/Ping: # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -p icmp -j ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------WHAT REFUSE:-------------------------------- We refuse every other thing to that IP: # iptables -A INPUT -d 10.1.15.1 -j REJECT Or we refuse every othe thing that arrives through every other IP: # iptables -A INPUT -j REJECT # iptables -A FORWARD -j ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Others examples: -This example prevents the ping arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p icmp -i eth0 -j DROP -This example accepts the ping arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p icmp -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -This example prevents the ftp arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport ftp -i eth0 -j DROP or iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport 21 -i eth0 -j DROP -This example accepts the ftp arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport ftp -i eth0 -j ACCEPT or iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport 21 -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -This example prevents the telnet arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport telnet -i eth0 -j DROP or iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport 23 -i eth0 -j DROP -This example accepts the telnet arriving from ip 192.168.1.2 iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport telnet -i eth0 -j ACCEPT or iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.2 -p tcp --dport 23 -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -This example accepts the telnet arriving from Internet (ppp0) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp ?dport telnet -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT -This example prevents the telnet arriving from Internet (ppp0) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp ?dport telnet -i ppp0 -j DROP -This example blocks all traffic that arrives from Internet that try to open some connection: iptables -A INPUT -i ppp0 -p tcp --syn -j DROP -This example makes available from Internet the server web (port 80, see /etc/services) presents on our s.o. linux and deny to use others services (ex. ftp, telnet): iptables -A INPUT -i ppp0 -p tcp ?syn ?dport ! 80 -j DROP -This example blocks all icmp type echo-replay and hence the ping: iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -j DROP -This example accepts a packet toward the port 21 if arrives from host www.tivedotonico.com iptables -A INPUT -s www.tivedotonico.com -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp ?dport 21 -j DROP or we could write: iptables -A INPUT -s ! www.tivedotonico.com -p tcp ?dport 21 -j DROP That is refuses all packets that arrive on port 21 except if arrives from host www.tivedotonico.com In Nat the principals chains are: PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT (packets that are going out from our computer) Le actions more used are: -SNAT grants to change the sender and the source-port (POSTROUTING). Only on static ip addresses (address ip local networks). -DNAT permits to change the destination of packets to use it with PREROUTING because change the destination of a packet could influence the decisions of routing. It's also possible specify a different port of destination. -MASQUERADE is type SNAT but this permit that the packets have how sender the ip address of interface of net from which they will go out (POSTROUTING).It uses MASQUERADE with ip address assigned dynamically (Intenet connections). -REDIRECT permits to change the port of destination of a packet (PREROUTING). Permit that the packet is redirected on a local ip at a specified port. iptables -j DNAT --to 192.168.100.4:port -j REDIRECT --to-ports port It intercepts all packets arriving from eth0 toward a server www and drive them on our proxy server. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport www -j DNAT –to proxy:8080 Modify the sender of packets that exit from eth2 and arriving from our lan 192.168.200.0/24 and with external ip address of our firewall. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -s 192.168.200.0/24 -j SNAT –to 123.45.68.1 Masquerade the packets in outbound from net-card ppp0 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE 26e)SURF ON INTERNET WITH GPRS ON LINUX Thanks to Livio DiPietro aka Tamburo member of Lug Acros. Instructions to install and configure GPRS Easy Connect v2.0.0 Preamble: I use Slackware 9 and because the program can work correctly, install the library Tk-800.024.tar.gz (that you find on website www.easyconnect.linuxuser.hu) and the libraries www-perl-5.64.tar.gz (You can download theme doing an easy search on www.google.com). For the other distributions (Mandriva, RedHat, etc ....) the RPM PerlTk is enogh to work correctly the GPRS Easy Connect v.2.0.0. To install the Tk-800.024.tar.gz, proceed like that: Unzip: gzip -dc Tk-800.024.tar.gz | tar -xof - Build: perl Makefile.PL make make test Installation make install The libwww unzip themselves with traditional tar zxvf libwww-perl-5.64.tar.gz and after proceed from "Construction". Download from http://www.easyconnect.linuxuser.hu the last release of GPRS Easy Connect v.2.0.0 in /usr/local (I've read it in some readme that you need to put in that directory); unzip the file (it's in format .tar.gz). You will get the file GPRS_Easy_Connect_200_Install, well.. at this point.. startx!! Oh yes, now we will go in graphic mode! :) Are you there? Well, now open xterm, go in /usr/local where there is file: GPRS_Easy_Connect_200_Install, digit ./GPRS_Easy_Connect_200_Install At this point, if you have done all, the program launches the graphic tool of installation, go ahead, where is asked if you want accept the license and go ahead again ..... To launch the program digit, always in xterm, gprsec and Enter... ehm.. A window will open itself where you can do the connection, but all of you that are incredible geeks, click in central button, below, that of settings. Now it will appear, a little window shared in two sides like columns; in a left window there are 4 buttons and I'll list to you: Obligatory parameters, optionals parameters, unusual parameters and limit settings. We are interested in first two. Obligatory parameters: 1) In right side for first thing you choice the model of gprs cellphone the you have, there are many models: 2) A weird written "Wake your operator" indicates which mobile operator you need to choice (Omnitel,Tim,Wind); 3) the third parameter, the APN that is automatically assigned when wake ehm.... choice the mobile operator; 4) user: if is needed, the program put for you the parameter, every mobile operator has s predefined user; 5) password: equal at user 6) the language: Italian of course! 7) the COM where you have connected the cellphone (the program supports also the communication with infrared I advice it, get the wire, where is possible); 8) The or the DNS: if dynamic, flag the little square, in contrary case put that indicated; in doubt control the parameters supplied from telephone operator. Click now, in column on left, on green button "OK/Save Dates". Optionals Parameters: put on first box above the value 115200. Click now, in column on left, on green button "OK/Save Dates". Now you are returned in primary screen, if all that you have configured is ok, press on "Connect" and happy surf ! :) ALT!!! Some advices: I'll describe what happen when I decide to connect: click on Connect, a window will open itself where a funny bar composed from little green squares is going on.. at a certain point, appears a msg of error: it says that is not possible to connect.. well, this is a bug, on my Siemens S55 appears the written GPRS followed from a triangle of this type: |> beh, or like that. That triangle indicates that I'm online !! I've already surfed on Internet, I go on chat, and works fine. I'm using Aruba that together at Wind offers the flat by connection GPRS, for this reason the APN (Access Point Name) of Wind (internet.wind) doesn't correspond at all with which of Aruba (internet.wind.biz). What to do to modify the APN? Easy, go in /usr/share/gprsec/tools/ and edit the file apn with vim. In the last row there are presents the parameters of connection through Wind. I've modified the APN internet.wind in internet.wind.biz and all work fine. You can also copy the entire string, past it, change Wind in Aruba and leave unchanged the parameters except the APN.. you can choose :) 27e)CONFIGURE SSH First of all install the programma called ssh on your distro: pacman -S ssh (on ArchLinux) apt-get install ssh (on Debian) Move later into directory /etc/ssh and make a copy of 2 first files: cp ssh_config ssh_configold cp sshd_config sshd_configold -Enter in ssh_config and enable the following values; ForwardX11 yes Port 22 Protocol 2,1 SendEnv LANG LC_* HashKnownHosts yes GSSAPIAuthentication yes GSSAPIDelegateCredentials no -Enter in sshd_config and configure these parameters: Port 22 Protocol 2,1 SyslogFacility AUTH LogLevel INFO PasswordAuthentication yes ChallengeResponseAuthentication no X11Forwarding yes X11 UseLocalhost yes Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server Now start the ssh daemon: cd /etc/rc.d/ ./sshd start (if you have error, disable the last 2 rows on file ssh_config and restart the daemon) If on ArchLinux we want always start the daemon at restart than insert sshd in file /etc/rc.conf If we want enable ssh inside firewall write: iptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.1.1 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT To connect from a client to this server with ssh enabled, you need to write: ssh server_ip (ssh 192.168.1.1) or (ssh user@192.168.1.1) If we login with ssh and we want open a program: ssh -X 192.168.1.1 -l username program_name To show the log files: cat /var/log/auth.log | grep ssh or grep ssh /var/log/auth.log 28e)ASSIGN DOUBLE IP ADDRESS TO NETWORK CARD ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 up ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++OTHER++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1f)HOW INSTALL LINUX ON COMPUTER WITH PROCESSOR 386 WITH 2 MEGA OF RAM?? 1)Bring 2 computers, one with processor 386 and another more powerful (from Pentium 120 and more with installed Linux). 2)Download kernel version 2.2.20 and put on Pentium computer 3)Get a RedhHat 5.2 4)Download the mini-distro hal91 and put it on floppy 5)Create a floppy of rescue Win98 or a cd Win98 We are ready. On Pentium computer unzip kernel 2.2.20.tar.gz in /usr/src tar zxvf kernel-2.2.20.tar.gz cd linux make mrproper make menuconfig Go in "Processor type and features", "Processor Family" and select with y or with * 386 or 486, after select "Math emulation" and "MTTR ecc...". You have to considerate that you are recompiling the kernel on Pentium but for computer 386-486, hence control what kind of peripherals there are and select what you need, exit and save. Write: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install cd arch/i386/boot rdev -R bzImage l /dev/hda5 (choice hda5 because on computer 386-486 will be installed a partition dos (hda1), a Linux and a swap (hda6)). Copy this file (bzImage) in a floppy formatted dos Go on computer 386-486, use fdisk from floppy of rescue of win98 (or from cd of installation Win98), delete all the partition present and create a dos partition from 10 mega without format it yet (we will do that later). Move hard-disk from computer 386-486 to Pentium because it will have a cd-reader and install RedHat 5.0-5.2, it's Ok also a minimum installation, almost 80 megabyte. Don't install lilo, we don't need it, hence finished installation, turnoff the computer. Move hard-disk with installed the red-hat minimum version on computer 386-486 and insert the floppy of Win98, you make read itself at boot and format the partition dos (10 mega) writing: format c: /s (reboot computer later) One time in dos copy inside it file bzImage (previously saved in a floppy), and the file loadlin.exe (that you find in all distributions into directory dostools). At this point write: a: copy bzimage c: copy loadlin.exe c: c: loadlin bzimage If you want, you can create a file autoexec.bat (put it in c: ) and write inside it the same row (loadlin bzImage), so just turned on the computer, this will charge the dos and automatically it will go on Linux. If Linux doesn't is charged, I advice you to use the mini-distro hal91 (move hard-disk from computer 386-486 to Pentium more powerful), make charge it at start, mount the partition dos (mount -t msdos /dev/hda1 /cdrom) and that Linux (mount -t ext2 /dev/hda5 /floppy) and copy the file bzImage from dos to linux in (/floppy/boot), at this point rename the file from bzimage to bzImage: cp /cdrom/bzimage /floppy/boot && mv /floppy/boot/bzimage /floppy/boot/bzImage Restart computer, if you can't go on dos, use rescue-floppy of Windows and in dos write: loadlin bzimage 2f)HOW CREATE OWN MINIDISTRO ON 2 FLOPPY-DISK With kernel 2.4 and with last distros I've couldn't make anything, I've not tried with Debian with kernel 2.2.0. I've done it with a RedHat 5.1 with kernel 2.0.34, it has been used busybox.0.60.2 and syslinux (take on that accept the option -s how for example the version 1.43 or 1.46). Compile kernel how you want but overall with these options, you can mount cd, partitions, etc , you can personalize it how you want : 386 Loopback device support Ramdisk Initial Ram disk(initrd) support Recompile kernel like that: make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules_install Don't write the option module if you have not enabled anything in Loadable module support. It will be created the file /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage Unzip busybox: tar zxvf busybox-0.60.2.tar.gz cd busybox vi Config.sys You can disable with double // in front of, you can able without the // in front of. Enable: #define BB_ASH #define BB_HOSTNAME #define BB_FEATURE_SH_IS_ASH (we say to it that we will use ash and not the bash ). Disable: //#define BB_FEATURE_SH_IS_MSH If you want you can enable others options, but these and the others just enable by default are Ok to have a minimum stable system and working on floppy. Exit and save file: Write: make make install mkdir /distro mkdir /distro/root cd /_install mkdir /distro (our directory base of work) mkdir /distro/root (our / for floppy of root) cp -dpR * /distro/root cd /distro/root mkdir dev mkdir etc mkdir home mkdir lib mkdir mnt mkdir proc mkdir root mkdir tmp mkdir var I've created every device in /distro/root/dev cd /dev Control which device you have in your distro, for example can happens that misses hdc4 or hdd2, not all these devices hence will be present in your distribution (in this case the redhat 5.1). cp -dpR console /distro/root/dev cp -dpR cua0 /distro/root/dev ecc..... console cua0 cua1 cua2 cua3 fd0 hda hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 hda9 hdb hdb1hdb2 hdb3 hdb4 hdb5 hdb6 hdb7 hdb8 hdb9 hdc hdc1 hdc2 hdc3 hdc4 hdc5 hdc6 hdc7 hdc8 hdc9 hdd hdd1 hdd2 hdd3 hdd4 hdd5 hdd6 hdd7 hdd8 hdd9 kmem null ppp ram0 ram1 ram2 ram3 ram4 ram5 ram6 ram7 ram8 ram9 tty tty0 tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 tty5 tty6 tty7 tty8 tty9 ttyS0 ttyS1 zero The directory /etc/ contains the following files: fstab (informations for mount of partitions) group (list of groups) hosts (associations names host with IP) inittab (file of configuration of init) it-lmc.map (definition of Italian keyboard) ld.so.cache (cache of libraries) ld.so.conf (configuration of libraries) login.defs (file of configuration of login) modules.conf (file of configuration of modules) mtab (partitions mounted) pam.conf (configuration of PAM) passwd (list of users) profile (file of personalized configuration) protocols (list of protocols of network) rc.M (script of configuration of run-levels) rcH (script executed at exit of system) rcS (script of configuration of system) services (list of networking services) syslog.conf (file of configuration of syslogd) In file /distro/root/etc/inittab I've written inside: id:2:initdefault: si::sysinit:/etc/rcS rc:2345:wait:/etc/rc.M rh:0:wait:/etc/rcH 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty --noclear tty1 2:23:respawn:/sbin/mingetty --noclear tty2 3:2:respawn:/sbin/mingetty --noclear tty3 ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -n -t5 -a -r now In file /distro/root/etc/rcS I've written: #!/bin/sh /bin/mount -av /bin/mount -o remount,rw /dev/ram0 / /sbin/syslogd -m0 /sbin/klogd /bin/hostname ngm2 In file /distro/root/syslog.conf I've written: *.* /var/log/messages The file /distro/root/etc/fstab contains the following rows: proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/ram0 / ext2 defaults,noauto 0 0 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto default,user,noauto 0 0 The file /distro/root/etc/rc.M: #!/bin/sh /bin/loadkeys /etc/it-lmc.map The file rcH contains the following instructions: #!/bin/sh umount -va echo "Grazie !!!" echo "Panther" echo "http://www.tivedotonico.com" The file /distro/root/etc/passwd contains: root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh The file /distro/root/etc/etc/group contains: root::0:root The file /distro/root/etc/pam.conf, has the following contained: OTHER auth required /lib/security/pam_permit.so OTHER account required /lib/security/pam_permit.so OTHER password required /lib/security/pam_permit.so OTHER session required /lib/security/pam_permit.so The file /distro/root/etc/login.defs contains the definition of variables used from program login: FAIL_DELAY 3 LOGIN_RETRIES 3 The file /distro/root/etc/hosts contains: 127.0.0.1 localhost The directory /distro/root/etc/lib contains 2 files go in /lib and copy 2 files: cd /lib cp ld-linux.so.2 /distro/root/lib cp libc.so.6 /distro/root/lib ### The directory /distro/root/proc must to be created empty. ### The directory /distro/root/tmp must to be created empty. ### The directory /distro/root/root must to be created empty. ### The directory /distro/root/home must to be created empty. ### The directory /distro/root/var must to be created empty. ### The directories /distro/root/bin /distro/root/sbin /distro/root/usr/bin /distro/root/usr/sbin /distro/root/usr/personal contain the programs that can be executed in mini-distribution created from busybox (ls -al) In succession you find the side to create the floppy of boot. Format a floppy like that: badblocks /dev/fd0u1440 && fdformat /dev/fd0u1440 && mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0 or depends from what distro you have used badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 && fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0 It must to be started avviabile with syslinux (you should already find it installed or unzip it and write): ./syslinux -s /dev/fd0 or syslinux -s /dev/fd0 Mount the floppy: mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy Copy the file bzImage on floppy: cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /mnt/floppy/bzimage Configure the file bzimage in floppy: cd /mnt/floppy rdev -R /mnt/floppy/bzimage 1 rdev -r /mnt/floppy/bzimage 0 rdev -v /mnt/floppy/bzimage -1 rdev /mnt/floppy/bzimage /dev/ram0 Inside /mnt/floppy create the file syslinux.cfg with vim: vi syslinux.cfg and write inside it: DEFAULT bzimage APPEND vga=normal noinitrd load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1 ramdisk_size=16384 root=/dev/fd0 disksize=1.44 init=/bin/ash #put all on the same row from APPEND to ash TIMEOUT 0 DISPLAY boot.txt PROMPT 1 F1 f1.txt F2 f2.txt Save and exit (Esc:wq!) Always inside /mnt/floppy create of file boot.txt, f1.txt and f2.txt with editor vim: Write inside it what you want, the same with the file f1.txt and f2.txt Unmount the floppy with: cd / && umount /mnt/floppy The floppy of boot is ready. Create the floppy of root: mkdir /mnt/myram dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=4096 mke2fs -vm 0 /dev/ram0 4096 mount /dev/ram0 /mnt/myram cd /distro/root/ cp -dpR * /mnt/myram umount /mnt/myram cd /distro dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=4096|gzip -9v >root.gz cp root.gz /dev/fd0 (Answer yes at the question that is done to you) Doesn't remain that restart computer with floppy of boot inserted, it will be required later to insert the second floppy. From the tries I've done, I've not done anything with kernel 2.4.xx, the floppy will give errors. I repeat, I've not yet tried with a Debian with kernel 2.2.xx, however I believe that the thing can works fine. One thing to say is that, in Config.sys, we will say it,to start the ash and not the bash, if it misses, that setting the minidistro will not start, giving errors or stopping itself. vmlinuz (of redhat5.1) root.gz (just ready) syslinux.cfg (of floppy of boot) boot.txt 3f)INSTALL UNIX MINIX 2.0.3 Minix is an o.s. unix that ca be installed on Pentium,486,386,286,8086 and work in msdos mode. The installation has been executed with minix 2.0.3 for 386,486,Pentium with address http://www.cs.vu.nl/pub/minix/2.0.3/, the files downloaded are ROOT.MNX, USR.MNX and NET.TAZ (more the others 3 files .TAZ). All floppy used have to be opened, one window remains always opened, the other have to be closed. Take 2 floppy, on first will be copied root.mnx and usr.mnx, while on second will be copied net.taz cat ROOT.MNX USR.MNX > /dev/fd0 cat NET.TAZ > /dev/fd0 Start computer with first floppy inserted and at written to press the key with = press the key l near at key Enter, after write with floppy inserted after the written Finish the name ./usr: /dev/fd0p2 At login digit root and after write setup and for 2 times press Enter. Choice Italian keyboard writing Italian and pressing Enter, write after part. Delete or add the partitions on hard-disk or choice the second hard-disk eventually available. Leave /dev/c0d0 pressing the row toward down, go on Type and with key - choice 81 MINIX, move the the arrow toward right under Kb and write 35000 (35 mega) or that you want. Save pressing the key w and confirm the save press int the key y, press after the key q to exit. On video will appear the written to confirm the partition, we will write /dev/c0d0p0 (p0 is under Sort). Is required also the dimension of partition of swap in kb, write 2000 (2 mega) or what you want, press after the key Enter. It will be done a scansion of disk to search damages sectors, to stop it press the key Esc. At this point will start the installation, at the end minix will require to digit halt and press Enter after ctrl-alt-canc. At reboot press the key l, at login write root, after setup /usr and press Enter. Insert the second floppy and write at required of floppy 1440 and Enter 3 times. Files will be transferred for the networking side on operating system. We see how install: CMD.TAZ (command sources) SYS.TAZ (source operating system) USR.TAZ (files executables) To install CMD.TAZ take others 3 floppy and write for every floppy a row giving after Enter. dd if=CMD.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=0 dd if=CMD.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=1 dd if=CMD.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=2 Insert the first floppy and on minix write setup /usr Write 1440 and press Enter 3 times. The program will ask to insert the second and after the third floppy. To install SYS.TAZ take the others 2 floppy and write for every floppy a row giving after Enter. dd if=SYS.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=0 dd if=SYS.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=1 Insert the first floppy and on minix write setup /usr Write 1440 and press Enter 3 times. The program will ask to insert the second floppy. To install USR.TAZ take other 3 floppy and write of every floppy a row giving after Enter. dd if=USR.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=0 dd if=USR.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=1 dd if=USR.TAZ of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k count=1 skip=2 Insert the first floppy and on minix write setup /usr Write 1440 and press Enter 3 times. The program will ask to insert the second floppy. Now you have a Unix system complete of all, using almost 21.35 mega, if you don't believe me, write at prompt df. You can set the Italian keyboard like that, (at least I've don like that for root user), going in /usr/src and entering with editor vim I've added at file .profile the written: cd /usr/src vi .profile loadkeys /usr/lib/keymaps/italian.map press i, add the row loadkeys /usr/lib/keymaps/italian.map press the keys shift and the key with the at (@) (2 times) wq One time exit write halt and reboot computer, at login the keyboard will be Italian. To recompile the kernel under minix you need to adapt the file /usr/include/minix/config.h (open it with vim, to delete the text # press Esc and the key x, to insert the key i) and go in /usr/src/tools and give the command make. If all will go well, copy the file image like that: cp image /minix/rete.0.1 shutdown -h. If you know you the o.s. can recognize a net-card ne2000 and how gives it an ip address, tell me !! 4f)PROGRAMS GPL LINUX <--> WINDOWS All programs listed below are under license gpl, hence freely usable and without any restriction. Zip: 7Zip http://www.7-zip.org/ Antivirus: Clamav http://www.clamwin.com/ http://sourceforge.net/projects/clamwin/ Editor for the Office: OpenOffice http://www.openoffice.org OpenOffice http://www.openoffice.org Editor: Vim http://www.vim.org/ Gedit http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/gedit/ Emacs http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/windows/ Xemacs http://ftp.xemacs.org/windows/win32/ Graphic: Gimp www.gimp.org See images (only for Windows): Mfa http://www.mediafileassistant.com/ Audio Player (cd, mp3, ogg, ecc..): Zinf www.zinf.org Video Player: Mplayer http://www.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/releases/win32-beta/ Vlc http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ Build web-pages: Kompozer http://www.kompozer.net Browser and EmailClient: Firefox e Thunderbird http://www.mozilla.org/ P2P client: Amule http://www.amule.org/ Ftp server and client: Filezilla http://filezilla.sourceforge.net/ Client telnet-ssh-raw-rlogin: Putty http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ Server ssh: Sshwindows http://sshwindows.sourceforge.net/download/releases/ Gpg: Winpt http://winpt.sourceforge.net/ Icq: Sim http://sim-icq.sourceforge.net/ Grafica 3d: Blender http://www.blender3d.com/ FreeCad http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/free-cad/index.php?title=Main_Page Modify video: VideoLan Client-Server http://www.videolan.org Database: PostgreSQL http://www.postgresql.org Mysql http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ Sqlite http://www.sqlite.org/download.html Picosql http://www.picosoft.it/picosql/ Programming Languages: Perl http://www.perl.com/ Python http://www.python.org/ Ruby http://www.ruby-language.org Php http://www.php.net C http://gcc.gnu.org/install/specific.html TclTk http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/downloadnow84.html Interfaccia grafica Glade http://gladewin32.sourceforge.net/ Burn: Burn4free http://www.burn4free.com/ Work on music files: Audicity (install also these programs wxWidgets, Mad, Ogg Vorbis, Lame). If the links are corrupted or you want suggest or modify the programs above, write me. 6f)SWITCH FROM INITSCRIPTS TO SYSTEMD ON ARCHLINUX Thanks about article to Linux Freedom http://www.lffl.org If after last update, Archlinux doesn't recognize more any networkd card (wifi or lan) and if there are problems with power adapter (signs that doesn't work more battery), switch to systemd. pacman -S systemd On shell launch command "updatedb" to update list of files to search Create configuration file systemd: vi /etc/hostname adding our hostname (ex. Panther) vi /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost Panther ::1 localhost.localdomain localhost Panther vi /etc/vconsole.conf and insert: KEYMAP="it" FONT="Lat2-Terminus16" FONT_MAP vi /etc/locale.gen togliamo il cancelletto da: en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8 UTF-8 On shell digit: locale-gen echo LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf export LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 Set time zone: ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Rome /etc/localtime On pc with dualboot Windows and if watch is 2 hours back: create file /etc/adjtime insert: 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 LOCAL Impostare i demoni di avvio systemctl enable nomemodulo.service La lista dei nostri demoni la troviamo nell'ultima parte del file rc.conf. Modify GRUB: Write on shell: locate systemd to search where is file, if on /bin/systemd or /usr/lib/systemd/systemd vi /etc/default/grub modify "quiet" in GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT adding "init=/bin/systemd" or "init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd" the result will be: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="init=/bin/systemd" or GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd" and control if grub.cfg has correct path for systemd to start Archlinux Update Grub typing: grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg at this point reboot the operating system If all works how we aspect, install systemd-sysvcompat: pacman -S systemd-sysvcompat Will be required to remove initscripts and sysvinit, accept and will have our systemd perfectly working. ++++++++++++++++GNU Free Documentation License++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with … Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.