Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Copyright (c) 2001-2008 Cristiano Macaluso (aka Panther) E' garantito il permesso di copiare, distribuire e/o modificare questo documento seguendo i termini della Licenza per Documentazione Libera GNU, Versione 1.2 o ogni versione successiva pubblicata dalla Free Software Foundation. Una copia della licenza č acclusa in fondo al documento nella sezione intitolata "GNU Free Documentation License".
                        GNU MANUALINUX 6.7
This (Manual) is free and is realized also with collaboration of others passionated (THANKS !!!).
Last update on March 24 2008 version 6.7

 Manualinux Homepage:
 http://www.manualinux.com http://www.manualinux.it     http://www.manualinux.eu
http://www.manualinux.in     http://www.manualinux.cn   http://www.manualinux.org
http://www.manualinux.net   http://www.manualinux.tk

DO YOU WANT TO MODIFY OR INSERT OTHER ARTICLES ? WRITE ME !
EMAIL: cristianomacaluso@manualinux.com (Cristiano Macaluso).
NEWS OF THE VERSION 6.7


Modified    1a)COMMON COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX
Modified    6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS
Modified   20b)ENABLE THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or XFree
Modified     1c)VI AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES
Modified   14c)WATCH TV ON LINUX
Modified   22e)WIRELESS CARD ON A LAPTOP WITH ARCHLINUX


MENU'

a)COMMANDS
b)UTILITY
c)PROGRAMS
d)KERNEL
e)NETWORKING
f)OTHER
 GNU Free Documentation License
 DO YOU WANT ADD / MODIFY OTHER ARGUMENTS ??? WRITE ME !!!



COMMANDS
1a)COMMON COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX
 2a)DIFFERENT COMMANDS
3a)OCCUPATION DISK
4a)PROCESSES
5a)RAM
6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS
 7a)MANIPULATE ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD
 8a)CHANGE THE PROPERTY OF A FILE
9a)CREATE AND ADD GROUPS AND USERS
10a)FORMAT A FLOPPY
11a)HOW CONTROL THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS
12a)INSTALLED HARDWARE


UTILITY
 1b)GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
2b)FILE SEARCH
3b)ARCHIVE AND COMPRESS FILES
4b)MOUNT A FLOPPY
5b)MOUNT A CDROM
6b)MOUNT A WINDOWS PARTITION
7b)MOUNT A LINUX PARTITION
8b)DUPLICATE A FLOPPY
9b)INSTALL PROGRAMS
10b)SCANDISK ON LINUX
11b)FILES MANAGER
12b)PASSWORD ON LILO
13b)OPEN MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME CONTEMPORANEOUSLY
14b)PRINT
15b)RESCUE FLOPPY
16b)DELETE BOOTMANAGER ON MBR
 17b)DISABLE OR ABLE THE CLASSIC SOUND BIP
18b)DISABLE CTRL-ALT-CANC FROM CONSOLE OR REMOTE
19b)START THE GRAPHIC WITHOUT INSERT LOGIN AND PASSWORD
20b)ENABLE THE WHEEL OF MOUSE on Xorg or XFree
 21b)COPY PARTITIONS FROM HARD-DISK A TO HARD-DISK B
22b)START KDE OR GNOME INSIDE XTERM USING XNEST
23b)SETTING SINGLE KEYS OF KEYBOARD
24b)CREATE OR RECREATE DEVICES IN /DEV
25b)TURNOFF THE PC AUTOMATICALLY
26b)ITALIAN KEYBOARD UNDER SLACKWARE
27b)GRUB ON HARD-DISK IDE AND SCSI
28b)GRUB ON FLOPPY OF BOOT OR USB STICK
29b)USE .OGG VORBIS
30b)FIRST STEPS WITH SLACKWARE
31b)UPDATED FEDORA IN EASY WAY
32b)UTILITY FIREFOX AND THUNDERBIRD
33b)USING TV WITH A ATI RADEON 7200
34b)CONFIGURE GNOME
 35b)ICONS ON DESKTOP WITH WINDOWMAKER
36b)AUTOMATE ONE OR MORE PROCEDURES WITH CRONTAB
37b)MOUNT PARTITION NTFS IN READ/WRITE
38b)INSTALL SLAX ON HARD-DISK AND ON USB STICK
39b)DAMN SMALL LINUX ON USB STICK
40b)PARTITIONING'S CONCEPT OF HARD-DISK WITH REFEREMENT TO GNU LINUX
41b)IMPROVE FONTS OF GNOME ON UBUNTU
42b)ADD OR CONFIGURE A PRINTER
43b)CONFIGURE SOUNDCARD


PROGRAMS
1c)VI AND EMACS HOW MODIFY TEXT FILES
2c)FAX WITH EFAX
3c)CREATE AND BURN CD AND DVD
4c)FAX WITH HYLAFAX
5c)MANAGE PACKETS ON DISTRIBUTIONS
6c)MANAGE LINUX WITH WEBMIN
7c)BURN MP3-->WAV-->MP3-->FILE AUDIO
8c)HOW USE THE BOARDS NVIDIA FOR 3D
9c)HOW INSTALL MULINUX
10c)CLUSTER LINUX WITH OPENMOSIX
11c)MINI WEBSERVER: BOA (ONLY 118K)
12c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE ACROBAT INSIDE FIREFOX
13c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE POSTGRESQL
14c)WATCH TV ON LINUX
15c)GUARDDOG HOW INSTALL IT, CONFIGURE IT AND USE IT
16c)CREATE A PROXY SERVER WITH SQUID
17c)PARTED DELETE CREATE AND REORGANIZE PARTITIONS
18c)INSTALL WINE
19c)DRUPAL
20c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHPBB
21c)INSTALL AND USE XTRACEROUTE
22c)READ NEWSGROUP WITH SLRN AND SLRNPULL
23c)VIDEO EFFECTS WITH WEBCAM
24c)FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASE MYSQL
25c)INSTALL AND CONFIGURE PHP-NUKE
26c)MANAGE THE CELLPHONE NOKIA WITH GNOKII ON LINUX
27c)MTOOLS
28c)DATABASE WITH OPENOFFICE
29c)MPLAYER AND MENCODER RIP DVD
30c)FROM DIVX TO DVD
31c)ENABLE JAVA ON FIREFOX OR MOZILLA
32c)EMAILS WITH PINE
33c)SWARET INSTALL UPGRADE UNINSTALL PACKETS ON SLACKWARE
34c)GPG
35c)SQLITE
36c)P2P with aMule
37c)GTKAM AND DIGITAL CAMERA
38c)CONNECT LINUX WITH BLUETOOTH AND CELLPHONE
39c)EMAIL WITH MUTT FETCHMAIL AND POSTFIX
40c)NETGEAR MA111 USB STICK WIRELESS ADAPTER ON SLACKWARE
41c)VIDEO SURVEILLANCE WITH MOTION AND LINUX
42c)ANTIVIRUS GNU
 43c)INSTALL INTERNET EXPLORER ON UBUNTU
44c)WORDPRESS FOR DUMMIES


KERNEL
1d)APPLY A PATCH ON KERNEL
2d)COMPILE THE KERNEL IN DEBIAN
3d)RECOMPILE THE KERNEL TO BURN WITH IDE DISKS
4d)HOW RECOMPILE THE KERNEL
5d)HOW RECOMPILE KERNEL 2.6


NET
1e)MOUNT A MINI-LAN BETWEEN 2 COMPUTERS ONLY WITH TEXT COMMANDS AND NOT
2e)CONNECTING ON INTERNET BY SCRIPT WITHOUT KPPP (two procedures)
3e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH WVDIAL
4e)CONNECT TO INTERNET WITH KPPP
5e)INTERNET
6e)TELNET AND FTP
7e)SHARE INTERNET CONNECTION (LINUX-LINUX-CLIENT)
8e)SHARE CONNECTION TO INTERNET (EASY WAY)
9e)CONNECT 2 COMPUTERS BY PARALLEL WIRE ON LPT1 (PLIP)
10e)START A X SESSION FROM REMOTE (from linux to linux)
11e)LAUNCH PROGRAMS FROM TELNET TO GRAPHIC SIDE
12e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS FROM TELNET TO A GRAPHIC X &
13e)LAUNCH APPLICATIONS ON CLIENT BUT THAT WORKS ON SERVER
14e)IPCHAINS AND FIREWALL
15e)ADSL WITH MODEM ETHERNET ON LINUX
16e)MAPPING OF ACCESS POINTS
17e)LINUX DEBIAN FIRST STEPS WITH THE NET
18e)SHARE PRINTER ON LINUX SUCH AS PRINTSERVER SAMBA CUPS
19e)NFS SHARING TO EXCHANGE FILES IN A LAN WITH LINUX COMPUTERS
20e)DISCOVER THE INTRUDERS
21e)SAFETY FROM ROOTKITS BACKDOORS AND LOCAL EXPLOITS
22e)WIRELESS CARD ON A LAPTOP WITH ARCHLINUX
23e)MAIL SERVER WITH POSTFIX AND TPOP3D ON ARCHLINUX
24e)WEBSITE WIKI WITH PMWIKI
25e)IPTABLES
26e)SURF ON INTERNET WITH GPRS ON LINUX
27e)CONFIGURE SSH


OTHER
 1f)HOW INSTALL LINUX ON COMPUTER WITH PROCESSOR 386 WITH 2 MEGA OF RAM??
2f)HOW CREATE OWN MINIDISTRO ON 2 FLOPPY-DISK
3f)INSTALL UNIX MINIX 2.0.3
4f)PROGRAMS GPL LINUX <--> WINDOWS


+++++++++++++++++++++++COMMANDS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1a)COMMON COMMANDS TO MOVE FIRST STEPS ON LINUX
This is valid for all commands:
1 - The given commands can be rewritten on the command-line and easily pushing the directions keys.
2 - Through the "history" command it's possible to see the given commands, if after  it's inserted the number, it shows the last n. commands given.
(es. history 14 ;shows last 14 commands)
3 - Often giving the commands, text files are created. To exiting from them, you need to press "q" or, in case you want to stop the process because the execution of the command creates nonsensical characters or doesn't accepted other input from keyboard, you need to press "Ctrl+c".
4 - Often, commands given, provide a series of dates that pass the visualization of screen, showing only a side of them. In order to obviate this phenomenon, you can use an option "| more" or "| less" adding at the end of the command (ls -la | more) or after the name of file:
(cat filename | more)
5 -moreover, after having used some procedures, you need to know that pushing the key "Enter", continue the visualization for row and pushing key "Space" continue for page.


THROUGH DIRECTORY
cd = cd (alone) return into homedir (~ o $HOME)
cd .. = move to the previous directory (which depends)
cd / = return to the root directory from any point we are
ls = shows the contained of a directory horizontally
ls | more = shows the contained x page and vertically
(through enter continues ahead with a single line x time)
(through space continues x page)
ls -l = the options -l shows many details.
ls -la = the option -a shows the directory preceded from a dot ( this is the command advised)
cp -av = copy full directories
es. starting (/usr) destination (/mnt/where_you_want)
cp -r = to copy directory
mkdir = to create a directory
rmdir = to remove a directory
rm -r  = to delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside
rm -r -f = to delete the dir/sub_dir and what there is inside without ask confirm
pwd = to know in which directory you are
tree namedir = shows the directories  depended  from which indicated
reset = if xterm doesn't respond to the given commands, the reset command  ublock it.


THROUGH FILE 
cp =  to copy file
rm =  to delete file
mv = to move/rename file
mv name newname =  it renames the file (es. mv cri.txt cro.txt)
mv filename /dirname =  move file into indicated directory
(es. mv cri.txt /usr)
cat filename = shows inside of a file
touch filename = to create an empty file immediately
wc = to show the statistics on a text file
split = to divide a file in more sides
diff = to find the difference of text inside 2 files (ex. diff 1.txt 2.txt)


UPDATE HOUR AND DATE
hwclock --set --date='12/30/2007 18:55:01'
date -s '12/30/2007 18:55:01'


OBTAIN A LIST OF USERS AND GROUPS
 for i in `cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1` ; do id $i ; done

Block a linux user type: passwd -l user_name
Unlock a linux user type: passwd -u user_name
FOR THE SYSTEM
lsmod = shows modules charged on kernel
shutdown -r now = to reboot the system
reboot = like over
shutdown -h now = to close the system
halt = like over
halt -p = shut and turnoff the system
exit = to close the console
startx = start the execution of graphic server
ctrl+alt+backspace = restart in graphic mode,  to bringing back to starting login
ctrl+alt+F1 = opens a console not emulated
ctrl+alt+F7 = easily passes on the screen 0 if there is a server  X activated. Doesn't close the console from which arrives.


HELP AND INFORMATIONS

- commands
command name --help = shows the syntax of the command (a generic help)
man command name = shows an explanation in details
(enter ; advancing for line - space : for page - q ; exiting and returning to the command row)
info command name = idem

- installed file
makewhatis = create a database with the informations that concern the installed files (without showing anything), later with a command " apropos filetype " is given back a list of what that concern the type of file (es. apropos edit).

- rpm packets
rpm -qa |more = shows the list of packets rpm installed

- X server
*To know which Xserver you are using, go to /etc/X11 and give the command ls -al, look at where the liks point to --> last file shows the used X server *

-kernel
uname -a  = to know the kernel version

- system and kernel
du -h = quantity of space used into directory and sub_directory in kb and mb in kb e mb.
top = shows the processes in use from cpu (to stop Ctrl+c)
ps aux = shows programs and demons running with their pid
pidof program name/demon (for ex. pidof kdm)
df = shows partitions mounted
free (-t; x the totals -m; x megabytes)
If linux doesn't see all the ram that you have (for ex. 128M), then ad this row into file /etc/lilo.conf between (default and keytable)
append = "mem=128M"   Save the file and digit lilo, reboot the system and just returned in linux digit "free".

uname = shows the informations about system
uname -m = type of pc
uname -n = name of pc inside the net
uname -r  = release of operating system (kernel version)
uname -v = version of operating system
uname -a = general summary of the options over written


FLOPPY AND CDROOM
mount -t filesystemtype /dev/fd0 directory = mounts formatted floppy on type x into a directory (vfat for windows;  msdos for msdos-dos; hfs for mac)
eject /dev/device = eject the cdrom or the burner (ex.  ejecets  (ex. eject /dev/hdc or eject /dev/scd1)


OTHER COMMANDS TO SHOW FILES AND CLARIFICATIONS
Beyond the command "cat" there are other commands, often more useful, to show inside a file.
more filename = for files of big dimensions
or
less filename

Ex.
Digit:
more /dev/hda = will be showed the map of partitions
less /dev/hda = will be showed to add the option -f
less -f /dev/hda = this is the case where anything can be understood (press "q")
cat /dev/hda = this is the case where you need to stop the process (Ctrl+c)


THE JOLLY CHARACTER "*"

* = means all
if introduced near  a word, it makes reference at word and which have added characters
ex. pippo* = pippo pippo1 pippociao pippopluto pippo..............
You need to have attention when you use it to delete a file or directory, because a wrong command like:
"rm pippo * "; delete file pippo and also all files inside that directory. Better to control with:
ls -a pippo* before to delete something; in this way, it will be possible to control what will be deleted.


THE COMMAND CAT
(clarifications)

Can be used to create text file :
cat > filename
digit the text
ctrl+d = to close the file
cat filename = to look inside the file

Can be used to assemble again files divided or unit different files:
ex.
cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > ris.txt


IL COMMAND CP
(clarifications)
Can be used also to transfer an existing file in a file that is created in that moment
cp existingfile filecreatednow


The same thing become for the directory
cp -r existingdir dircreatednow


THE LINKS
ln name linkname = to create physicist links
ln -s name linkname = to create symbolic links



 2a)DIFFERENT COMMANDS
pushd (Says in what directory you were first)
popd (Return into directory where you were first)
cd - (like up)


 3a)OCCUPATION DISK
du -h (to show the quantity in kbyte and mbyte)


4a)PROCESSES
& (to put at the end of the command) to execute a command in background and it will give this result:
[3] 32566   Where 3 is the number of the process while 32566 is the ID of the process.

&& (to insert it between 2 commands, the second command will start only when the first one will be finished, for example dir && top).

bg  (starts the command in background, the syntax is: bg number_id_command).
fg  (starts the process with high priority, the syntax is:  fg number_id_command).

nohup (executes a command also if it has gone out from the session or it has been lost the connection, the syntax is: nohup dir &), at the end it will create a file called nohup.out with inside the result of the command.

ps -ax = to see the processes in memory.
kill = to kill a process (with kill -l you see the signals to kill.
kill -9 (n°process) = to force the died of the process.
killall = kill all processes)


 5a)RAM
To see the ram, write: 
free
To get informations about used ram, write 
top
Control the side high at left on the screen. 


 6a)MANIPULATE THE RIGHTS OF ACCESS
If I'm the owner of a file or directory, then, I can decide its features, I mean, the rights access. The command to do it is chmod (change modes). Its syntax is:
chmod who action what filename
where:
parameter who can be u (user) g (groups) o (others) a (all)
parameter action can be + (add) - (remove)
parameter what can be r (read) w (write) x (execute)
the field namefile č file or directory object of changing.
(*) all show at the same time 3 kinds of user.
We can see now some practice examples. We guess to want add access, read and written to all directories.
drwx------ verdi users 512 pippo
The easy way is: 
chmod a+rwx pippo
that is at words "add (+) to all (a) read (r) write (w) and access (x) at file pippo " (instead is a directory because there is d).
The result is:
drwxrwxrwx verdi users 512 pippo
Other example. We guess that we want file 
-r-------- verdi users 4096 paperino
readable from all and writable only from owner : 
chmod a+r paperino
chmod u+w paperino
And the result is:
-rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096 paperino
Other example. We guess to have file
 -rw-rw-rw- rossi superuser 1234 pluto
If we execute:
chmod o-rw pluto
instead to obtain:  
-rw-rw---- rossi superuser 1234 pluto
we have the message: 
Permission denied
This because I (verdi) am searching to modify the attributes of a file that is not mine (it is of rossi).
7a)MANIPULATE ACCESSES RIGHTS - ALTERNATIVE METHOD
A method more fast to assign the attributes to a file is based on this thought. We suppose to attribute numerics values to possible permissions:
Read = 4 (r)
Write = 2 (w)
Execution = 1 (x)

(Remember that for a directory, x means access). In this way, executing easy sums:
0 = No permission -
1 = Execution x
2 = Write w
3 = Execution + Write wx
4 = Read r
5 = Execution + Read rx
6 = Write + Read rw
7 = Execution + Write + Read rwx

If we put near 3 codes to access  user / groups / others
we obtain the numbers of 3 numbers, everyone of them indicate the permissions of every type of users in synthetic way.
For example:

rwxrwxrwx 777
rw-rw-rw- 666
r--r--r-- 444
rwx------ 700
rw-r--r-- 644

and go ahead.... Therefore it's possible to include only in one way all accesses of every single type of user.
Exist then the alternative syntax of chmod
chmod codice filename

Example. The second example on first syntax of chmod wanted to transform:
-r-------- verdi users 4096 paperino

in file:
-rw-r--r-- verdi users 4096 paperino

and needed of 2 consecutive chmod, the first to assign a+r and the second to assign u+w. With alternative syntax of chmod is possible to do this in only one way, using:

chmod a+r,u+w paperino -#-#-#-(attention at comma)-#-#-#-

or in a easy way:
chmod 644 paperino


8a)CHANGE THE PROPERTY OF A FILE
If I am owner of a file and I would "gift" it to someone, that is someone will become new owner, exist the command chown (change owner).
His syntax is:
chown newowner.newgroup file
We see some examples. Guess that rossi, after have deposited in my directory the file:
 -rw-rw-rw- rossi superuser 1234 pluto
want that this file become of my propriety. It will have to execute: 
chown verdi.users pluto
The result will be:
-rw-rw-rw- verdi users 1234 pluto


9a)CREATE AND ADD GROUPS AND USERS
Make all like root user.
For ex. create a group called supporto:
groupadd supporto

For ex. create an user and insert him in a supporto group
useradd user -c (comment) -d (home directory) -g (group)
useradd cristian -c ordinato -d /reparto -g supporto

Now we need to insert a password: 
passwd cristian

It is possible also to use:
adduser (complete of all, also of password).
Will be suggested the default parameters, are possibles of modifies.

Modify the group to which user belongs:
usermod -gname_group cristian

Insert the user in other groups:
usermode -Ggroup1 group2 group3 cristian

To delete user and group write: 
groupdel supporto
userdel cristian  (using userdel -r  will be deleted all files and the directory of the user)



 10a)FORMAT A FLOPPY
How to format:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440  this format drive A: to 1440 kb
fdformat /dev/fd1h1200   this format drive B: to 1.2 Mb
fdformat /dev/fd0H720    this format drive A: to 720 kb

To search damaged blocks:
badblocks /dev/fd0H1440

How format a floppy from msdos or windows:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 && mkfs -t vfat /dev/fd0


11a)HOW CONTROL THE EFFICIENCY OF IDE DISKS
Thanks to Riccardo Pelizzi (r.pelizzi@virgilio.it)
Control the efficiency of own ide disks.
note: these options can damage your ide disks.
If you the device ide (that can be a hard-disk, a cd-rom or a dvd) and your mother board are almost new, your disk supports the transfer mode to 32-bit, the mode ultra-DMA and irq unmasking.
The kernel is very conservative under this point of view (because activing these options on boards or on devices that don't support them, you risk to break them, and if your distro has not configured well your disk, then we will do it with the command hdparm.
-Understand at what device correspond each disk. Using the command:
 hdparm -i /dev/hdX
where X is for device that you'll have to control. Usually are a, b, c, d.
One of first voices of output will be the model of your device, so you will can understandw what IDE device
are you interrogating.
-We control that the support of our chipset is active. It won't possible to interact with disks without having the support of own chipset integrated on kernel or charged as module.
For example having a chipset Via and having compiled the driver like module, first of other operation, you need to write "modprobe via82cxxx".
-Control that the state of our disks. The command:
hdparm /dev/hdX
will give an output similar at this:
multcount = 16 (on)
IO_support = 1 (32-bit)
unmaskirq = 1 (on)
using_dma = 1 (on)
keepsettings = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 8 (on)
geometry = 9964/255/63, sectors = 160086528, start = 0
This is output of a disk that should be already configured well. Unic important operation, but that cannot be seen from this menů is the udma mode. With the former command you can see that the dma mode is activated, but  not what mode is actived.
About this, we will think at the end.
-Configure our device.
Start giving the command:
 hdparm -t /dev/hdX
and sign your transfer rate. If IO_Support is equal at 0, active it with the command: 
hdparm -c1 /dev/hdX.

Some combinations of mother boards /devices require the parameter c3.This option should alone double the transfer rate of your devices. Unmskirq is needed to mantein the operating system "responsive" (ready!!).
while you are reading from device, useful overall for cd/dvd. You can active it with:
 hdparm -u1 /dev/hdX
And now we pass to more interesting side: the dma modality. Give the command:
 hdparm -t /dev/hdX
after every operation.
Every operation should hide your transfer rate. If it's not like this, you should return to the former option, because the current is not supported. Start with:
 hdparm -d1 /dev/hdX
This option doesn't give necessary to a high level of performances, if it has not been actived a dma modality valid: let go to set it.
This is the table of parameters to give to hdparm (stolen from nice peoples of intel):
 (ATA/33) -X66
(ATA/66) -X68
(ATA/100) -X69
For example to active the modality ATA/66, give the command:
hdparm -X68 /dev/hdX
There is a last option to set, a little more dangeorous of the others: multicount. Give the command:
 hdparm -i /dev/hdX
and read the voice max_multicount. It will be the value to set like:
 hdparm -mY /dev/hdX
Obviously this option is not to set for cd/dvd that has only 1 little-head, the laser. At this point you should have a transfer rate at least of 40MB for second with a disk ATA/66. Confront it with you had before of every operation. Enjoy and stay quiet by the result  :-)
NOTE: These options are not permanent, so you will have to put all your commands in a script and execute it at start putting the name of the file at the end of:
 /etc/rc.d/rc.local


12a)INSTALLED HARDWARE
Write followed commands like user root:
lspci
dmesg
cat /proc/cpuinfo
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


+++++++++++++++++++++++UTILITY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1b)GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
To start the Xgraphic write (twm) and if you want to start it automatically write on file .xinitrc (into your home directory) the written twm and in file .profile o .bash_profile (startx).
Instead to write twm it's possible write also mwm, 4dwm, afterstep, fvwm95, fvwm, gnome-session ecc.. (/etc/X11).


2b)FILE SEARCH
- find (directory-file) es. find / -name cri.txt    (/ search in all file system -name followed from name of file)
- find /root -size 990k ( find a file of dimension 990k into directory /root)
- locate file (es. locate cri.txt) a fast way to find a file (before give the command update and later the command locate).
- which cri.txt in different precondition directories  ( which cri.txt /usr /tmp/root)
*    grep search a word inside a document  (es. grep "casa" *.txt )


3b)ARCHIVE AND COMPRESS FILES

EXTENSION        COMPRESS                                     DECOMPRESS

Z                        compress cri.txt                                 uncompress cri.Z
zip                      zip cri.txt cri.zip                                 unzip cri.zip
gz                       gzip cri.txt                                          gunzip cri.gz
bzip2                  bzip2 cri.txt                                       bunzip2 -d cri.bz2
tar.gz                 tar zcvf cri.tar.gz</dir/files>            tar zxvf cri.tar.gz
lzh                      lha a cri.lzh</dir/files>                     lha x cri.lzh
rar                     rar a cri.rar</dir/files>                     unrar x cri.rar
zoo                     zoo -add cri.zoo</dir/files>              zoo -extract cri.zoo


4b)MOUNT A FLOPPY
To mount a floppy the command is:
mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ( name directory that you must to create with command mkdir )
If instead of ext2 (linux) write msdos , you can use floppy that are ok also in dos/windows systems.
umount -t ext2 /dev/fd0   To unmount.


5b)MOUNT A CDROM
to mount a cdrom the command is:
mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom (name dir that you have to create with mkdir)
To control that cdrom is hdc o hdd o scd0 o scd1 (if SCSI) and remember to create a directory named cdrom.


6b)MOUNT A WINDOWS PARTITION
To mount a windows partition the command is:
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/win ( name directory that you have to create with mkdir)
Control that windows partition is on hda1 (in my case) and remember to create a directory named win (at your discretion).
To mount a Windows NT partition the command is:
mount -t ntfs /dev/nt_partition /mnt/winnt

7b)MOUNT A LINUX PARTITION
To mount a linux partition the command is:
mount -t ext2 /dev/hda5 /mnt/linux1 (name directory that you have to create with mkdir)
-t is the type of filesystem, for example (ext2, ext3, reiserfs, etc....)

mount -w -n -o remount /      mount file system in write mode
mount -r -n -o remount /       mount file system in read-only mode
 

8b)DUPLICATE A FLOPPY
cat /dev/fd0H1440 > myfloppy
After which, it's needed to insert the destination floppy and execute:
cat myfloppy > /dev/fd0H1440


9b)INSTALL PROGRAMS (First of all read file Install or Readme file)
If file has extension .tar.gz or .tgz uncompact first with:
(tar zxvf program.tar.gz) or (tar xvf program.tgz)
 cd program (enter in new directory just created)
./configure
make
make install


10b)SCANDISK ON LINUX
df (to control on what partition is installed linux)
badblocks /dev/hda1 (if linux is installed on /dev/hda1)
fsck -a / (to repair automatically the file system without asking questions)
ATTENTION is adviced to not using (-a) on file-system non-ext2
fsck /dev/<device> must to be unmounted or mounted in read-only
reiserfsck –check /dev/sda1  (It checks without repairing file-system).
reiserfsck –rebuild-sb /dev/sda1 (It rebuilds the blocks of damaged partition).
reiserfsck –scan-whole-partition –rebuild-tree /dev/sda1 (It checks all partition and rebuilds the file-system tree of whole file-system)


11b)FILES MANAGER
An easy file-manager to use is (mc)
You have only to write this command (mc) to access to commands that are on the high side of keyboard pressing F9 key.  Indeed you can find it to enter in telnet ed ftp.


12b)PASSWORD ON LILO (ATTENTION DANGEROUS COMMAND!!!)
Enter on file /etc/lilo.conf and insert this row:
password = "password that you want"


13b)OPEN MORE CONSOLE AT THE SAME TIME CONTEMPORANEOUSLY
Pressing contemporaneously keys (Ctrl+Alt) and F1 key it's opening a pure unix window where to insert user and the password, at this point it's possible using this  screen while you are already using another program. At
this point press keys Ctrl+Alt+F2 e so on.
To return at the X server <ctrl>+<alt>+<F7>
To use 2 X server on the same machine (havy) you have to:
ctrl+alt+F2 to pass at the second console, do the login and digit:
startx -- :1
The first X-server was and continue staying on ctrl+alt+F7 the second is on
ctrl+alt+F8. The busy display from first is "0" while that busy from second is "1". To consider it in case
you have to forward of connection X.


14b)PRINT
lpstat -tp (info on configured printers)
lpr (to print a file ex. lpr /root/cri)
lpr -p /root/cri (if the text has lines much long and go out from edges of the page)
lpq (to control the state of the printing and id during the stamps)
lprm number_id_tail_of_printing ( to drop the command of printing) ex.(lprm 28)
lprm -  delete outright all printing tails to delete all printing required
lprm -P printername  (delete the jobs of a specified printer)
/usr/bin/disable printername (disable the printer)
/usr/bin/enable printername (enable the printer)
enscript (convert the text in a files PostScript)
enscript -r (to print across)
enscript -r -2 (to print 2 pages on a single leaf)
enscript -n 3 (to print for ex. 3 copies)
enscript -a <start page> <end page> to print an alone break of pages.


15b)RESCUE FLOPPY
Giving for discounted having ricompiled the kernel and having created file /boot/bzImage go in this directory and write:
(cp bzImage /dev/fd0)
On RedHat write:
mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.4.5 (it's the number version of
/boot/vmlinuz)


16b)DELETE BOOTMANAGER ON MBR
From linux give the command:
lilo -U
Make a msdos help floppy and write:
fdisk /mbr
If you have Windows2000, write:
fixmbr

ATTENTION TO USE THIS COMMAND BECAUSE CAN DELETE THE TABLES OF FAT AND NTFS PARTITION OF WINDOWS.
 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/yourdisk bs=512 count=1
To restore a lost partition or damaged (maybe because from an analysis with fdisk gives "unlocated tables", use the programs  TestDisk & PhotoRec availables under linux or windows or other operating systems.


 17b)DISABLE OR ABLE THE CLAS